invasive species natallia

8/3/2019 Invasive Species Natallia

1/19

TEACHER

INNOVATION

PROJECT

Corrinn Bruce, Natallia Kulyba,Valerie Praggastis, Ravi Trivediand Karla Vogel


2/19

PRE-LESSON DISCUSSION

Discuss these questions with your classmates: What species are called invasive?

Do you know any examples of invasive species?

What else do you know about invasive species?


3/19

INVASIVE SPECIES

Any species, including its seeds, eggs, spores, or otherbiological material capable of propagating that species,that is not native to that ecosystem; and whoseintroduction does or is likely to cause economic orenvironmental harm or harm to human health.

Well-known invasive species include the NorthernSnakehead fish (Channa argus), the Zebra mussel(Dreissena polymorpha), the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzonmarinus ) and the Asiatic Clam (Corbicula fluminea)

They are the second-most important threat to native

species, behind habitat destruction, having contributedto the decline of 42% of U.S. endangered and threatenedspecies.

Northern Snakehead fishhttp://rjd.miami.edu/learning-tools/high-school/http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/docs/council/isacdef.pdf


4/19

NATIVE VS. NON-NATIVE

Increased populations of whitetail deer(Odocoileus virginianus) in the northeasternU.S. cause problems in farms, yards, andnatural areas because they consume plants

valued by humans. Whitetail deer are notinvasive because they are native.

Nutria (Myocastor coypus), South Americanative, were introduced into North America.

Nutria compete directly with nativemuskrats, beavers, and other similar nativespecies for habitat; often causing thedisplacement of these native species.

Nutria

http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/docs/council/isacdef.pdf

White-tailed deer


5/19

ROUT TO INVASION

50,000 nonindigenous specieshave been introduced into theUnited States alone.

Based on historic data theprobability of an introduced

specie to become a harmfulinvader is 1 in 1000.

Several barrier needs to beovercome

Large-scale geographicbarrier

Survival barrier

Establishment barrier

Dispersal and spread barrier

Harm and impact

Cynthia S. Kolar and David M. Lodge Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders. TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution Vol.16 No.4 April 2001http://www.esa.org/education/edupdfs/invasion.pdfBottrell D. 2011. Module 7: Exotic Species. Biodiversity and Conservational Biology. [Online course notes]. Accessed 2012 January 14.


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ROUTES OF INTRODUCTION: DELIBERATE

OrnamentalJapanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), was introduced in 1800s as ornamental anddeer browse. Now found in all of Eastern and Southwestern U.S. It inhibits growth of nativeplants, supports larvae of agricultural pests (cornworm and tobacco budworm).

Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), native of Japan and China, was promoted in 1920s and30s as soil stabilizer, ornamental vine and animal fodder. The plant grows up to 1 foot per

day, overgrows and shades out trees, covers houses, barns, road sings and potentiallyincreases fire hazard during winter, denies access to lands for hunting, hiking, and birdwatching.

Economically usefulPurple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L), native of Europe, Asia and North Africa, wasintroduced as medicinal herb for treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding, wounds, ulcersand sores (also entered as a ship ballast). The plant displaces native wetland plants, has lessfood and habitat value for birds, bog turtles, mink and other wildlife.

Nile perch (Lates niloticus), was introduced as a valuable food fish (up to 200kg and 2m in length). It contributed to the extinction of more than 200

endemic fish species through predation and competition for food

in Lake Victoria;

Nile perch

http://www.defenders.org/programs_and_policy/science_and_economics/invasives/index.php

Purple loosestrife

Kudzu


7/19

Entertainment Feral pig (Sus scrofa), native to Eurasia, was introduced by sport hunters. Now the

feral swine population is a combination of domestic swine and feral pigs. Some expertsestimate the numbers of feral pigs at over 4 million, with the largest populationslocated in California, Florida, Hawaii, and Texas. Feral pigs damage crops, stock and

property and transmit many diseases such as Leptospirosis and Foot and Mouthdisease.

Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), native to Europe, was introduced in the 1890s by onemember of The American Acclimatization Society who reputedly attempting toestablish in Central Park all the birds mentioned by Shakespeare. They are nowestablished across the entire North American continent, and outcompete bluebirds,woodpeckers and other birds that nest in cavities and cause damage to agricultural

crops, public nuisance and can damage infrastructures, roof linings, etc. and negativelyeffect aesthetics.

ROUTES OF INTRODUCTION: DELIBERATE

Feral pig

Starling

http://www.defenders.org/resources/publications/invasives/invasive_species_gallery.pdfhttp://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/wildlife_damage/content/printable_version/feral%2 0pigs.pdf


8/19

White-spotted Jellyfish

ROUTES OF INTRODUCTION: UNINTENTIONAL

Transportation related Ballast water

Ship ballast water may transport up to 3,000 species around the world every day;

White-spotted Jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata) has been introduced to North Americafrom the Western Pacific Ocean and is threatening large commercial fisheries byfeeding on the eggs and larvae of fish, crab and shrimp; clogging fishing nets;

damaging boat intakes and fishing gear; and causing the closure of productive areas tofishing activities.

Lumber products and wood packing material

Dutch ElmDisease (Ophiostoma ulmi ) and Chestnut Blight(Cryphonectriaparasitica), both native ofAsia, entered the U.S. in the early 20th century in shipmentsof lumber and live trees. Elm and chestnut trees were predominant species in eastern

forests until the fungus arrival. By the 1950

s, virtually all matureA

merican chestnutshad succumbed to the Chestnut blight disease. It is estimated thatDutch elm diseasehas killed over 100 million trees.

http://www.defenders.org/programs_and_policy/science_and_economics/invasives/about_invasives/why_do_some_species_become_problems.php


9/19

ROUTES OF INTRODUCTION: UNINTENTIONAL

Transportation related Shipments of grain, vegetables and live plants

Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe ssp. Micranthos), native to Europe and western Asia, wasaccidentally introduced into North America in contaminated alfalfa and clover seed in the late1800s. The plant is widely distributed in the U.S. and is reported to occur in every state in the Lower48 except Texas, Oklahoma and Georgia. Infestations in North Dakota have been found primarilyalong highways, waterways, railroad tracks, pipelines and recently installed utility lines in thewestern part of the state. The plant is consumed by livestock only when other vegetation is

unavailable. It is also releases a toxin that reduces growth of forage species. Travelers

seeds, eggs, bacteria and fungi attached to their clothing or shoes

Other: Dumping of bait buckets: Rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) Release of exotic pets

Red Lionfish (Pterois volitans), native of the South Pacific and Indian Ocean. The initial introduction

is thought to have occurred during Hurricane Andrew in 1992 when at least six lionfish escapedfrom a broken beachside aquarium near Biscayne Bay. In addition, release of unwanted lionfish

by hobbyists is thought to be a cause of additional introductions and the rangeexpansion of the lionfish. The fish preys on native species and has venomousspines. A tenfold increase over 4 year period was observed in parts of theAtlantic and Caribbean.

Red Lionfishhttp://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/weeds/w842w.htmhttp://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=3 013http://www.anstaskforce.gov/spoc/lionfish.php

Spotted knapweed

Rusty crayfish


10/19

CHARACTERISTIC OF SUCCESSFUL INVADER

The ability to reproduce both asexually and sexually

Fast growth

Rapid reproduction

High dispersal ability

Phenotypic plasticity(the ability to alter ones growth form to suit currentconditions)

Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (generalist)

Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist)

Association with humans

Other successful invasions

http://rjd.miami.edu/learning-tools/high-school/MO DULE%204%20Marine%20Issues%20-%20SECTION%205%20Invasive%20Species.pdf

Asian Long-Horned Beetle

Japanese Honeysuckle


11/19

SUCCESSFUL INVADERS?

Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum), Native to the CaucasusMountain introduced as ornamental; its sap can cause severe dermatitis; produces tens of thousands of seeds viable for several years tolerant to various environments (water saturated and well-drained sites),

tall plant with wide leaves; forms dense canopies; hybridizes with eltrot (Heracleum sphondylium); resembles cow parsnip (Heracleum maximum)

Cane Toad (Rhinella marina), Native to South America; released as biocontrol of sugar cane pests in Hawaii; accidental release by a pet dealer in Florida; feeds on other native toads and frogs (and even dog food!); poisonous sacs protects toad from predators; lays about 20,000 eggs each mating season; breeds in canals, flooded ditches, shallow pools and fish ponds; hides beneath ground debris in dry and cold weather;

Giant hogweed

Cane Toad

http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/hogweed.shtmlhttp://fl.biology.usgs.gov/herps/Frogs_and_Toads/B_marinus/b_marinus.html


12/19

WHY ARE INVASIVE SPECIES A PROBLEM?

Can you think of example of ecological impact?

Economical impact?

Which one is easier to estimate: economical orecological?


13/19

WHAT THREATS DO INVASIVE SPECIES IMPOSE?

Agriculture Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), and

cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) decrease the forage value of rangelands.Cattle refuse to eat leafy spurge, and cheatgrass invasion results in morefrequent, widespread, and more destructive fires

Forestry

White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) reduced inland Northwest

white pine stands by 90-95%

Recreational and commercial fisheries

European green crab feeds on clams, oysters, mussels and crabs, includingyoungDungeness crabs

Health

West Nile Virus, which also causes encephalitis and can be fatal to theelderly, first was reported in 1999; in 2003, 4200 people were infected,resulting in 284 deaths

Genetic pollution

DNA of GMOs becomes part of the gene pool of natural populations due to

interbreeding; long-term effect is unknown.

Idaho State Tree:

Whitepine (Pinus monticolae)

http://www.esa.org/education/edupdfs/invasion.pdfhttp://www.defenders.org/programs_and_policy/science_and_economics/invasives/about_invasives/impacts.php

Cheatgrass

Scotch broom


14/19

ECOLOGICAL IMPACT

Invasive species impact biodiversity, habitat quality, and eco-system functioning and represent threat to 42% of the endangered speciesin the United States.

Damage to ecosystem services: tamarisk invasionSaltcedar (Tamarix ) was deliberately introduced 100 years ago to control erosion and provide

windbreaks in the southwest. Now it infests 1.2 million acres of streamside habitat. The plantaccumulates salt in its tissues, which is later released into the soil, making it unsuitable for manynative species. It does not provide food or cover for wildlife and increases the instances of wild fires.The losses to water provision, flood control and wildlife habitat in the southwest estimated of $3.8 to$11.2 trillion dollars over a 55-year period).

Reduction in Native BiodiversityBrown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) has become a serious pest in Guam where it caused the

local extinction of most of the islands native bird and lizard species. It also caused "cascading"ecological effects by removing native pollinators, causing the subsequent decline of native plant

species. The ecosystem fragility of other Pacific islands to which cargo flows from Guam has made the

potential spread of the brown tree snake from Guam a major concern.

http://www.defenders.org/resources/publications/invasives/invasive_species_gallery.pdfhttp://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si= 54

Saltcedar

Brown tree snake


15/19

ECONOMICAL IMPACT

The annual US cost to control invasive species is estimated at $137billion, with over 100 million acres being affected (i.e. the size ofCalifornia) It is estimated that 8 million acres ofIdaho (15% of states land) are infested with

invasive weed. Noxious weeds in Idaho cause direct losses of $300 million annually. Leafy spurge has been documented to decrease ranchland value by up to 83% in

Oregon.

Zebra mussels and Asian clams clog utility pipes, irrigation pipesand boat engines. A recent calculation estimated zebra mussel

damage at $5 billion annually. Florida has spent over $300 million to control a single invasive

species, the citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis). The annual

cost of invasive plants, animals and diseases in losses to Floridasagriculture is estimated at $179 million.

Approximately every third day there is a brown tree snake-

caused power outage somewhere on Guam. The costs due todirect damages and lost productivity are conservatively estimatedat $1-4 million dollars each year.

Leafy spurge

Zebra mussel-encrustedVectorAveraging Current

Meter from Lake Michiganhttp://www.defenders.org/programs_and_policy/science_and_economics/invasives/about_invasives/impacts.php

http://www.defenders.org/resources/publications/invasives/oregon.pdfhttp://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/economic.asp


16/19

HOW CANWE CONTROL INVASIVE SPECIES?

Can you name at least 3 possible methods ofcontrol and prevention?

Which one could you be a part of?

Are there any potential difficulties with any ofthe methods of control and prevention? Why?


17/19

WHAT CAN BE DONE?

PreventionDecontamination of freight, packaging material and transportation equipment that could containunknown biotic hitchhikers, and restricting deliberate imports of potentially harmful species; educatingcommunities about invasive species; organizing amnesty days; legislation.

Eradication Early detection and rapid response while unwanted species live within a restricted area;Eradication campaigns in Key West, Florida against the Asian citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi)

during 1934-1937cost $ 200,000. As result the last blackfly was seen in 1937. However, the same specieswas discovered in 1976 in a much larger area centered on Fort Lauderdale, FL. The eradication wasattempted but failed due to the larger spread area. Since 1979 the eradication was substituted by modestcontrol (containment).

ContainmentPreventing further transport of existing exotics within the US; includes methods used in prevention anderadication;

ControlChemical(using pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides)Mechanical(physically removing the invasive species or changing habitat conditions)Biological(introducing a natural enemy predator or parasite generally from the invaders native range)

RestorationAn important step to minimize the chances that an area will be reinvaded. Many control techniquesinherently create disturbance, which may increase the vulnerability of an area to subsequent invaders

http://www.esa.org/education/edupdfs/invasion.pdfhttp://www.gcrio.org/CONSEQUENCES/vol2no2/article2.html


18/19

WHAT CAN YOU DO?

Fishing and boating dont dump unused live bait into waterways; scrub and dry your boat and motor

apparatus before moving between different waterways;

Food do not transport fresh fruits, vegetables, grains or meats across state or country lines;

Pets dont release exotic pets or dump out aquarium contents, dont buy exotic pets; Gardening:

choose native plants over exotic varieties that might be invasive;

Recreation wash boots, clothing and vehicles before and after hiking in different community types, to

remove seeds and other pests that might have attached themselves;

Volunteering many local parks, watersheds, wildlife refuges and other natural areas are fighting

invasive species that degrade local habitats and limit recreational opportunities;

Education share your knowledge about invasive species and their threat with your friends and

family member.

http://www.defenders.org/programs_and_policy/science_and_economics/invasives/what_you_can_do.php


19/19

RESOURCES

Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Healthhttp://www.invasive.org/

Defenders ofWildlifehttp://www.defenders.org/programs_and_policy/science_and_economics/invasives/invasives_by_state/index.php

Global Invasive SpeciesDatabasehttp://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?st=1 00ss

National Invasive Species Information Centerhttp://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/

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