invasive plant management
DESCRIPTION
Presentation on invasive plant management presented at Kickapoo Valley ReserveTRANSCRIPT
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Managing Invasive Plants
Kickapoo Valley Reserve
June 11, 2011
John Exo, UW-Extension
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Outline
History of invasive establishment
Why species are invasive
Strategies
Some problem species
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From John T. Curtis,
Vegetation of Wisconsin, 1959
Early Vegetation
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Early Landscape
“Our waters filled with fish, and the air with game birds, and the rock ledges with rattlesnakes, and the woods with large game…We have no Canada thistles or mean men.”
Wm. H Canfield, 1842
Sauk County Surveyor
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Invasive Beginnings
Wisconsin Historical Society
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New People, New Pests
“Ever since the settlement of the country, there has been a tendency for certain plants and animals to get out of hand…Usually these runaways have been foreigners (like the carp, Norway rat…) but native species…are clearly also capable of pest behavior.”
Aldo Leopold, 1945
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Definitions
“Invasive” definitions differ depending on the goal.
“…causes economic harm to….”
“interferes with land management goals…”
“kills or displaces populations of native species…”
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What makes a plant invasive?
Tolerate wide range of soil, light, other conditions
Longer growing period
Alter soil chemistry
Prolific seed production
Few or no natural controls
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What do we do?
Get educated: inventory, map, make a plan
Learn to ID and know plants’ biology
Create a plan
Learn & use control methods
Monitor & adapt
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Take inventory
Aerial photo or scaled lot layout
Plant I.D. books/websites
Estimate species present & density
I.D. land use – past, present & future
Look beyond your property lines
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Know thy enemy
Learn to identify the plants
Seedling
Adult
Dormancy
Learn plants’ biology
Annual
Biennial
Perennial
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Know thy enemy
Annuals
Live one growing season as a plant
Survive through seed
If they don’t produce seed, they can’t reproduce
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Annuals
Live one year, survive by seed
Giant, common ragweed
Foxtail grass
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Know thy enemy
Biennials
Live TWO growing seasons
Survive through seed
Produce a lot of seed
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Biennials
Live two years, survive by seed
Garlic mustard
Wild parsnip
Bull, musk, plumeless thistle
Sweet clover
Spotted knapweed
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Biennials: Garlic mustard
WI DNR photos
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Biennials:Wild Parsnip*(a monocarpic perennial)
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Wild parsnip burns!
• Phyto-Photo-Dermatitis:
• Juice-skin-sunlight
• Blister scars can last years.
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Biennials: Bull thistle
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Know thy enemy
Perennials
Live many growing seasons
Survive through stored energy
Reproduce via seeds, suckers, roots
Important to know if:
Simple roots (honeysuckle)
Creeping roots (Can. thistle)
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Perennial: Canada thistle
•Primary reproduction: creeping
horizontal lateral roots
•dense clonal growth
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Perennial: Multiflora Rose(Rosa multiflora)
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Identifying
characteristic:
bristles at base of
petiole
Multiflora Rose
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Perennial: Common buckthorn
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Unfair competition. . .
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Perennials: Bush Honeysuckles
(Lonicera spp.)
Habitat: upland, especially under roost treesBlooms: May to June, produces orange or red berriesFlowers are white, yellow, orange, or pinkEarly spring leaf-out, late fall leaf drop
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Perennials: Autumn olive
Habitat: dry uplandBlooms: May to JuneFlowers are white and fragrantReproduces mostly by root suckering
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Autumn olive
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Problem Ornamental Species
Japanese knotweed
Japanese barberry
buckthorns
Asian honeysuckles
Amur maple
Common tansy
Oriental, or Round-leaved bittersweet
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Some watch list species
Japanese hedge parsley
Wild chervil
Hill’s mustard
Japanese knotweed
Teasels
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Prioritization
Importance of habitat
Size of population
Rate of spread
interfere with land use?
Resources available
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Management strategies
Monitor year-round, especially along trails, roads
Look beyond property lines
Prioritize species; areas
Timing is everything
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Management methods
Ounce of prevention…
Pull
Cut/Mow
Girdle
Cut stem
Graze
Prescribed fire
Herbicide (foliar, basal bark)
Integrated methods are most successful
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Prevention
Encourage competition
Proactively establish competition
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Pull !!!!
Good for young people, small infestations, small plants.
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Mow/Cut
Timing is critical—best when in flower.
Repeated mowings likely needed
Slows, but may not kill plants.
Can be combined with herbicide methods.
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Mowing/Cutting Equipment
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GirdleGood for clonal tree species
Labor intensive
Very effective if done correctly
Timing: June best
1 or 2 step method
Photo courtesy of Tom Brock
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Girdling – Step 1 Girdling – Step 2
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Cut-Stem Treatment
Good winter option
Very targeted use of herbicides
Photo: Savanna Oaks Foundation, Inc
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Basic Woody Shrub Cut-stem Control Method
Target: Small to medium invasive shrubs, e.g. buckthorn,
honeysuckle, Autumn olive, prickly ash, etc.
Herbicides:
systemic herbicide such as glyphosate (Roundup or generic) or Triclopyr (Garlon 4 or generic)
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Basic Woody Shrub Cut-stem Control Method
Timing: Summer, Fall or Winter are preferred.
Avoid early spring and heavy snow periods.
Above-freezing temps when using water-soluble
herbicides such as glyphosate.
Apply water-soluble herbicides within minutes of cutting.
Triclopyr can be applied at any temp
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Basic Woody Shrub Cut-stem Control Method
Technique: Cut stems at no higher than 6”
Work in pairs, if possible, to avoid “escapes”
Work in a pattern
Treat only outer edge
Photo courtesy: Tom Brock
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Grazing
Timing
Palatability
Goats can be “trained” to
some species
Repeated treatments
necessary
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Prescribed Fire
Photo courtesy of Tom Brock
Requires training
Experience
Specialized equipment
Good Public relations
Good neighbor relations
Timing!
Usually integrated with other methods
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Using Fire for Management Requires: Special training
Specialized equipment
Good Public relations
Good neighbor relations
Experience
Timing!
Integrated with other methods
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Foliar herbicide
Safety first
Timing is critical
better for larger infestations
Good in combination with mowing
Selective vs non-selective herbicides
Pre- vs post-emergence application
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Basal bark herbicide
Small; smooth bark
Generally, single-stem shrubs & trees
Limited herbicide choices
Treat all clone stems
Photos courtesy of Tom Brock
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Integrated Methods
Most successful control efforts involve an integrated approach that include monitoring & early detection.
Photo courtesy Tom Brock
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Other Precautions
Clean shoes to prevent seed spread
Minimize soil disturbance
Consider wildlife & water role in spread
Monitor imported materials (gravel, mulch, etc)
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Develop a management plan
•Garlic mustard presence shown.
•Goal is to …
Road
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Garlic mustard biology
Biennial
Seedling/rosette yr 1
Flower, then die yr 2
Spread by seed only
Vehicles
Shoes
Animals
Water
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Develop a management plan
Road
1. satellites: goal to eradicate
Combine methods to prevent
any seed production.
2. Patch along road: goal to
prevent spread.
Focus efforts on outer edges
and roadside
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Example Plan
Satellite populations:
Pull 2nd year plants before flowering
Spray in 1st year plants in fall or very early spring
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Example Plan
Large patch along road/trail
Mow, pull, spray along road before seed set.
Work perimeter inward
Spray rosettes fall/early spring
Pull escapes in between
Repeat, monitor, re-map ? years.
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Calling All Volunteers!
Kickapoo Valley Woods Cooperative
The Prairie Enthusiasts
The Nature Conservancy
Kickapoo Valley Reserve?
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Other Resources
Membership, links, and information
http://www.ipaw.org
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Summary
Invasives are already here
Early detection & prevention are critical
Introduction of new species mostly dependent on our behavior
Set realistic goals
Make a plan, then adapt
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Questions?