introductory questions #1 1)what is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introductory Questions #11) What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists
to measure cells? What about internal organelles?2) What are the approximate sizes for:
-human egg cell -mitochondria-virus -protein
3) What are the magnification limits of the human eye, a light microscope, and an electron microscope
4) How does a TEM differ from an SEM? What is the main limitation with using electron microscopes?
5) Briefly explain what the cell fractionation process does and how differential centrifugation can be helpful in the study of Cytology.
6) How do cells keep their internal contents separate from the outside environment?
7) Why is the surface to volume ratio an important factor with regard to cell size limits?
![Page 2: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introductory Question #21) Name three structures found in prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic
plant cells, and eukaryotic animal cells. 2) Name the three layers that surround and protect a
prokaryotic cell. Why are prokaryotes considered to be “simple” cells and eukaryotic are called “complex” cells?
Matching Ex.Cellular respiration A. NucleolusDigests waste, worn out organelles B. Endoplasmic Ret.Produces rRNA and ribosomes C. Ribosomes
Produces H2O2 D. Golgi ComplexForms Mitotic spindle in Mitosis E. LysosmesSite for protein synthesis F. PeroxisomesSite for the synthesis of lipids G. MitochondriaModifies, packages and ships protein H. Centrioles
![Page 3: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
IQ #3
What purpose do vesicles serve in the cell? Name all of the organelles that are a part
of the endomembrane system.4) Explain how the rough ER is different
from the smooth ER,5) How is a lysosome different from a
peroxisome?6) What do the chaperone proteins in the
ER do?
![Page 4: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Introductory Questions # 41) Name the people that helped to develop the cell
theory. What contribution did each person make (what did they discover)?
![Page 5: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1. You MUST begin the registration at - http://www.phschool.com/access/2. Click on "Covered Titles," then click on your title from the list3. Choose Teacher or Student Registration4. Click I Accept at the bottom of the License Agreement page 5. Access Information - * Enter or Create your username & password * Enter the appropriate access code below:
SSNAST-SHELL-POUND-MASON-MINOT-LIKES
6. Account Information - complete or verify your name & school information7. Confirmation & Summary - you will receive a confirmation email which contains a link to the Companion Website.
![Page 6: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chapter 6 (Pgs 94-123)
History & discoveries Microscopy Limits to Cell Size (Surface area to volume ratio) Cell Fractionation (Structure & Function of
Organelles) Prokaryotic
vs.Eukaryotic Plant cells vs. Animal Endomembrane System Cytoskeleton Intercellular junctions
![Page 7: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
History & Discovery of Cells
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (pond water 1600’s)
• Robert Hooke (Cork Cells, 1665)
• Robert Brown (Nucleus, 1833)
• Matthias Schleiden (Plant Cells, 1838)
• Theodor Schwann (Animal Cells, 1839)• Rudolf Virchow(All Cells arise from other cells)
• Cell Theory: 3 aspects
![Page 8: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Below is a list of the most common units of length biologists use (metric)
Table 4.2
![Page 9: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Biological Size and Cell Diversity (Pg. 95) Human Eye: 1mm - meter+
LM: 1m – 1mm
EM: 1nm – 1mm
Chicken Egg (largest cell)
Mitochondria (1m)
Ribosomes (20-30 nm)
Viruses (80-100 nm)
![Page 10: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• The light microscope enables us to see the overall shape and structure of a cell
Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell
Figure 4.1A
Image seen by viewer
Eyepiece
Ocularlens
Objective lens
Specimen
Condenser lens
Light source
![Page 11: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Figure 4.1B
• Scanning electron micrograph of cilia
![Page 12: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Figure 4.1C
• Transmission electron micrograph of cilia
![Page 13: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cytology: science/study of cells• Light microscopy• resolving power~ measure of clarity• Electron microscopy (2 types)
•TEM~ electron beam to study cell ultrastructure
•SEM~ electron beam to study cell surfaces
• Cell fractionation~ cell separation; organelle study• Ultracentrifuges~ cell fractionation; 130,000 rpm
![Page 14: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Cell Fractionation-Pg 97Cell Fractionation-Pg 97
![Page 15: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cell Fractionation
• Physically separates and purifies cell parts
• Spun in a centrifuge (up to 500,000 rpm)
• Two fractions: supernatant & pellet
• Differential: successively at higher speeds
• Density gradient: forms bands in tube according to density differences of organelles
![Page 16: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cell Size
• Is it more advantageous to be a single cell that is large or to be broken down into several small cells ?
(Explain your answer)
![Page 17: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• A small cell has a greater ratio of surface area to volume than a large cell of the same shape
30 µm 10 µm
Surface areaof one large cube= 5,400 µm2
Total surface areaof 27 small cubes= 16,200 µm2Figure 4.3
![Page 18: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cell size - (surface area:volume)
• As cell size increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases (sa/vol)
• Rates of chemical exchange may then be inadequate for cell size
• Cell size, therefore, remains small
![Page 19: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• At minimum, a cell must be large enough to house the parts it needs to survive and reproduce
• The maximum size of a cell is limited by the amount of surface needed to obtain nutrients from the environment and dispose of wastes
Natural laws limit cell size
![Page 20: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Prokaryotic Cell-(See Fig. pg 98)(Also See Pages 534-547 in Ch. 27)
• Characteristics include:– No true distinct nucleus – Have a “Nucleoid” region = DNA & Plasmids– No complex, membranous organelles (Ribosomes only)– Most have rigid cell walls – Flagella (rotary type structure & not composed
w/microtubules)– Some have pigments (autotrophic)– Classified according to their metabolic needs– Eubacteria & Archeabacteria– Some have sticky capsules, pili, peptidoglycan,
Endospores– Asexually Reproduce: Binary Fission, Budding,
Fragmentation– Genetic Material Can be exchanged by 3 mechanisms:
– Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation
![Page 21: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A Prokaryotic Cell
![Page 22: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Eukaryotic Cell• “Eu” = true “Karyo” = kernal (nucleus)• Protists, Plants, Fungi, and Animals• Internal Membrane System
• Has many membranous organelles (Table 4.1) that include:-Nucleus -Lysosomes-Golgi complex -Endoplasmic reticulum (R & S)-Mitochondria -Chloroplast (plastids)-Peroxisomes (glyoxysomes) -Vesicles-Vacuole (food, contractile) -Ribosomes
• Cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, and int. filaments• Centrioles (nine triplets of microtubules)• Cilia & Flagella (9+2 microtubule arrangement)• Extracellular matrix (ECM)-proteins & carbodydrate
-glycoproteins -glycolipids -integrins-fibronectins -collagen
![Page 23: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Figure 4.5B
Nucleus
Golgiapparatus
Not inanimal
cells
Centralvacuole
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Cytoskeleton
Microtubule
Intermediatefilament
Microfilament
![Page 24: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• An animal cell
Plasma membrane
Figure 4.5A
Golgiapparatus
Ribosomes
NucleusSmooth endoplasmicreticulum
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
Not in most plant cells
Cytoskeleton
Flagellum(exception is some plants)
Lysosome
Centriole
Peroxisome
Microtubule
Intermediatefilament
Microfilament
![Page 25: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Endomembrane Functionhttp://users.uma.maine.edu/SusanBaker/nucleus_endo.html
![Page 26: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Nucleus, Ribosomes, Rough & Smooth ER,
Flow of Genetic information and protein Synthesis
![Page 27: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Nucleus (Pg. 103)Control Center of the CellGenetic material:
•chromatin
•chromosomesNucleolus: ribosome
synthesisDouble membrane
envelope with pores1st part of Protein
synthesis:Transcription (DNAmRNA)
Nuclear pores
![Page 28: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Figure 4.6
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Pore
NUCLEUS
Two membranesof nuclearenvelope
ROUGHENDOPLASMICRETICULUM
Ribosomes
![Page 29: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Ribosomes • Manufactures Protein• Free •cytosol; •protein function in cell• Bound •endoplasmic reticulum; •membranes, organelles, and
export
![Page 30: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (pg. 105)Endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)• Continuous with nuclear
envelopeSmooth ER •no ribosomes; •synthesis of lipids•metabolism of carbohydrates• detoxification of drugs and
poisonsRough ER
•with ribosomes•synthesis of secretory proteins (glycoproteins), membrane production
**Found extensively in Pancreas
![Page 31: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• The rough ER manufactures membranes• Ribosomes on its surface produce proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum makes membrane and proteins
1 2
3
4Transport vesiclebuds off
Ribosome
Sugarchain
Glycoprotein
Secretory(glyco-) proteininside transportvesicle
ROUGH ER
PolypeptideFigure 4.8
![Page 32: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
SMOOTH ER
ROUGHER
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosomes
SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER
Figure 4.9
![Page 33: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Golgi Complex (pg. 106)• Golgi apparatus
• •ER products are modified, stored, and then shipped
• Cisternae: flattened membranous sacs
• trans face (shipping) & cis face (receiving)
• Transport vesicles
![Page 34: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of membranous sacs – These receive and modify ER products, then
send them on to other organelles or to the cell membrane
The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
![Page 35: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• The Golgi apparatus
Golgiapparatus
“Receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus
Transportvesiclefrom ER
Newvesicleforming
Transport vesiclefrom the Golgi
Golgi apparatus
“Shipping”side of Golgiapparatus Figure 4.10
![Page 36: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Lysosomes are sacs of digestive enzymes budded off the Golgi
Lysosomes digest the cell’s food and wastes (Pg.107)
LYSOSOME
Nucleus
Figure 4.11A
![Page 37: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Lysosomes
![Page 38: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Lysosomes:
– Contain lysosomal enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes)
– digests food molecules (macromolecules)– destroys bacteria– recycles damaged organelles– function in embryonic development in animals
– undergoes phagocytosis & engulfs material
– Recycle cell’s own organic material
**Found extensively in Macrophages (WBC’s)
![Page 39: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Figure 4.11B
Rough ER
Transport vesicle(containing inactivehydrolytic enzymes)
Golgiapparatus
Plasmamembrane
LYSOSOMES
“Food”
Engulfmentof particle
Foodvacuole
Digestion
Lysosomeengulfingdamagedorganelle
![Page 40: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases are hereditary that interfere with other cellular functions
*Examples:
Pompe’s disease (build up of glycogen)
Tay-Sachs disease (lipid build up)
(Pgs. 93, 331)
Lysosomes can cause Fatal Diseases
![Page 41: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Vacuoles-Membrane-bound sacs
(larger than vesicles)
-Food (phagocytosis)
-Contractile
(pump excess water)
-Central
(storage in plants)
-Tonoplast membrane
![Page 42: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Plant cells contain a large central vacuole– The vacuole
has lysosomal and storage functions
Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell
Centralvacuole
Nucleus
Figure 4.13A
![Page 43: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Peroxisomes (Pg. 111)• Single membrane• Oxidative organelle ***strips e-’s (H’s) from
substances• Produce hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) in cells
• Metabolism of fatty acids; detoxification of alcohol (liver)
• Hydrogen peroxide then converted to water
![Page 44: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
-Energy Harvesting Organelles
![Page 45: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Mitochondria -Site of Cellular Respiration(Pg. 110)
![Page 46: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• Site for Cellular Respiration---Prod. of ATP
• Uses O2 to extract energy from sugar, fats, and other molecules
• Found in cells that are motile and contractible• Has a double membrane• Has Convoluted inner membranes: Cristae• Two spaces: Matrix & intermembrane space• Not part of the endomembrane system• Has its own DNA and rbosomes (able to regenerate
& divide)---Semiautonomous
Mitochondria harvest chemical Energy from food
![Page 47: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Figure 4.16
Outermembrane
MITOCHONDRION
Intermembranespace
Innermembrane
Cristae
Matrix
![Page 48: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• Chloroplasts are found in plants and some protists
• Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy in sugars
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
Chloroplast Stroma
Inner and outer membranes
Granum
IntermembranespaceFigure 4.15
![Page 49: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Chloroplast (pg. 111)• Site for Photosysnthesis: combines CO2 & H2O
• Converts solar energy into chemical energy (sugar molecules)
• A Type of Plastid– Three types: (Amyloplastid, chromoplast, and chloroplast)
• Double membrane w/ thylakoids (flattened disks)• Grana (stacked thylakoids) • Three compartments
-Stroma
-Intermembrane space
-Within the thylakoid membranes
• Has its own DNA
![Page 50: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The Cytoskeleton (pg. 112-113)-Fibrous proteins (actin & tubulin)-Support, cell motility, biochemical
regulation, organelle movement-Microtubules:
•thickest ( nm) •tubulin protein; •shape, support, transport,
chromosome separation-Microfilaments: •thinnest ( nm) •actin protein filaments; •motility, cell division, shape-Intermediate filaments: • middle diameter;
•keratin; •shape, nucleus anchorage
![Page 51: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• A network of protein fibers makes up the cytoskeleton
The cell’s internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
Figure 4.17A
![Page 52: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Comparing Cytoskeletal Filaments
• Scan image
![Page 53: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
MICROFILAMENT
Figure 4.17B
INTERMEDIATEFILAMENT
MICROTUBULE
Actin subunit Fibrous subunitsTubulinsubunit
7 nm 10 nm25 nm
The Cytoskeleton
![Page 54: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
• Microfilaments of actin enable cells to change shape and move
• Intermediate filaments reinforce the cell and anchor certain organelles
• Microtubules – give the cell rigidity– provide anchors for organelles– act as tracks for organelle movement
![Page 55: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Cytoskeletal Movement(Polymerization & De-polymerization)
![Page 56: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Centrosomes/Centrioles (pg. 114)• Centrosome: region near nucleus• Centrioles: 9 sets of triplet microtubules in a ring;
(used in cell replication; only in animal cells)
![Page 57: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Cilia/Flagella (pg. 115-116)
-Locomotive appendages-Ultrastructure: “9+2” (9 doublets of microtubules in a ring) (2 single microtubules in center)-Connected by radial spoke-Anchored by basal body (nine triplets of microtubules)
-Dynein arm proteins (red)
![Page 58: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
• Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are locomotor appendages that protrude from certain cells
• A cilia or flagellum is composed of a core of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
![Page 59: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Figure 4.18A
FLAGELLUM
Outer microtubule doublet
Plasmamembrane
Centralmicrotubules
Outer microtubule doublet
Plasmamembrane
Electron micrograph of sections:
Flagellum
Basal body
Basal body(structurally identical to centriole)
![Page 60: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Dynein Arm Function (pg. 116)
![Page 61: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
• Clusters of microtubules drive the whipping action of these organelles
Figure 4.18B
Microtubule doublet
Dynein arm Slidingforce
![Page 62: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
ECM Composition
• Extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of:-Proteins & Carbodydrate
-Specifically:-glycoproteins
-glycolipids
-integrins
-fibronectins
-collagen (50% of all protein in the body)
![Page 63: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) - Pg. 118-120
Glycoproteins: •proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrate
Collagen
(50% of protein in human body
•embedded in proteoglycan
(another glycoprotein-95% carbohydrate)
Fibronectins
bind to receptor proteins in plasma
membrane called integrins
(cell communication?)
![Page 64: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
• Animal cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix
– It is a sticky layer of glycoproteins– It binds cells together in tissues – It can also have protective and supportive
functions
![Page 65: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Intracellular Junctions (pg. 121)
• PLANTS:• Plasmodesmata:
cell wall perforations; water and solute passage in plants
• ANIMALS:• Tight junctions~ fusion of
neighboring cells; prevents leakage between cells
• Desmosomes~ riveted, anchoring junction; strong sheets of cells
• Gap junctions~ cytoplasmic channels; allows passage of materials or current between cells
![Page 66: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Cell surfaces & Junctions
-Cell wall: •not in animal cells
•protection, shape, regulation-Plant cell: •primary cell
wall produced first •middle lamella of pectin
(polysaccharide)-Holds cells together •some plants have a
secondary cell wall; strong durable matrix; wood
(between plasma membrane and primary wall)
![Page 67: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Figure 4.19A
Vacuole
Layers of one plant cell wall
Walls of two adjacent plant cells
PLASMODESMATA
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
![Page 68: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
• Tight junctions can bind cells together into leakproof sheets
• Anchoring junctions link animal cells
• Communicating junctions allow substances to flow from cell to cell
TIGHTJUNCTION
ANCHORING JUNCTION
COMMUNICATINGJUNCTION
Plasma membranes ofadjacent cells
ExtracellularmatrixFigure 4.19B
![Page 69: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Movin’ on to Chapter 7
![Page 70: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Science and Art
![Page 71: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
• Artists are often inspired by biology and biology depends on art
• The paintings of Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) show the influence of cellular forms
The Art of Looking at Cells
![Page 72: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
• Illustration is an important way to represent what scientists see through microscopes
• The anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) was trained as an artist– He drew these retina
nerve cells
![Page 73: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Eukaryotic organelles comprise FOUR functional categories
Table 4.20
![Page 74: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Table 4.20 (continued)
Summary of Organelles & their Function
![Page 75: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
• The various organelles of the endomembrane system are interconnected structurally and functionally
A review of the endomembrane system
Transport vesiclefrom ER
Rough ER
Transport vesiclefrom Golgi
Plasmamembrane
Vacuole
LysosomeGolgiapparatusNuclear
envelope
Smooth ER
Nucleus
Figure 4.14
![Page 76: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
• It is almost certain that Earth is the only life-bearing planet in our solar system
• But it is conceivable that conditions on some of the moons of the outer planets or on planets in other solar systems have allowed the evolution of life
Extraterrestrial life-forms may share features with life on Earth
Figure 4.21
![Page 77: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Samples of Various Types of Cells
![Page 78: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
• Protists may have contractile vacuoles
Figure 4.13B
Nucleus
Contractilevacuoles
– These pump out excess water
![Page 79: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
• Cell, stained for mitochondria, actin, and nucleus
Figure 4.1x
![Page 80: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
• Prokaryotic cells, Bacillus polymyxa
Figure 4.4x1
![Page 81: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
• Prokaryotic cell, E. coli
Figure 4.4x2
![Page 82: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
• Pili on a prokaryotic cell
Figure 4.4x3
![Page 83: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
• Prokaryotic flagella
Figure 4.4x4
![Page 84: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compared
Figure 4.4x5
![Page 85: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
• Paramecium, an animal cell
Figure 4.5Ax
![Page 86: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
• Plant cells
Figure 4.5Bx1
![Page 87: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
• Chloroplasts in plant cells
Figure 4.5Bx2
![Page 88: Introductory Questions #1 1)What is the basic unit of measurement used by biologists to measure cells? What about internal organelles? 2) What are the](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051620/56649f235503460f94c3b9d1/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
• Nuclei (yellow) and actin (red)
Figure 4.6x