Notes

Introduction—Sic Transit Gloria Mundi: There’s Something Rotten in the State of Cambodia

1. My use of scare quotes around these two categories follows Timothy Mitchell (2002), where in particular I want to problematize the hierarchy and authority imbued in the notion of “expert.”

2 Violent Kleptocracy: The Articulations of Neoliberalism and Patronage

1. I refer particularly to “Western” donors, as the RGC has been largely uncritical of money arriving from Asia, which has risen considerably in recent years.

2. The first sense of “enemy” (khmaang) is used to refer to adversaries in battle or war, whereas the second sense (setrov) is used in a more general sense of opposition.

3. Cambodian elites were not oblivious to this “shock.” The 1980s were char-acterized by de facto privatization. Prior to UNTAC, the RGC was already committed to economic reform including revised marketing, land tenure, investment, and taxation legislation designed to attract foreign capital, as well as reductions on subsidies and the privatization of state holdings (Slocomb 2010).

4. These observations are based on my own family’s experience of adopting a Cambodian child in early 2007.

5. A reading of the “police blotter” section in any issue of the Phnom Penh Post will confirm this claim.

4 Violent Symbolism: Good Governance and the Making of Neoliberal Subjects

1. For an extended discussion of marketization in Cambodia throughout the country’s transitional process, see Springer (2010a).

2. I have deconstructed the implications of “order,” “stability,” and “security” in the context of Cambodia’s neoliberalization elsewhere, arguing that these discursive devices function to palisade the interests of capital and shield the government’s authoritarian disposition and explicit use of violence from both

178 / notes

local public censure and international accountability (see Springer 2009, 2010).

3. Poster (1984, 37–38) observes that, according to Althusser, “In works after 1845, The German Ideology and Capital, Marx and Engels . . . shed their Hegelian skins and established the science of historical materialism by theo-rizing the object (the mode of production) without resort to the subject, an achievement that appears to parallel that of Foucault. Althusser maintains a commitment to science in a way that the Nietzschean Foucault does not; but in eliminating the metaphysical support of the rational subject their work bears some similarity.”

5 Violent Accumulation: The Trilateral of Logics and the Creation of Property

1. Noncapitalist states like Cuba and the former Soviet Union are included because at one time they experienced a capitalist mode of production, whether as colonized or colonizer.

2. My use of “commonsense” throughout comes from Harvey’s (2005, 39) rec-ognition for its construction “out of long-standing practices of cultural social-ization often rooted deep in regional or national traditions. It is not the same as the ‘good sense’ that can be constructed out of critical engagement with the issues of the day. Commonsense can, therefore, be profoundly misleading, obfuscating or disguising real problems under cultural prejudices.”

3. To Auschwitz survivor Primo Levi (1959, 103), Muselmanner “form the back-bone of the camp, an anonymous mass . . . of no-men who march and labor in silence, the divine spark dead within them, already too empty really to suf-fer. One hesitates to call them living; one hesitates to call their death death.” Accordingly, Muselmanner are like zombies, seemingly still alive, yet dead in spirit, crushed by extreme subjection to violence. The genesis of its usage in the camps is unknown, but the term might come from the literal meaning of the Arabic word muslim, “the one who submits unconditionally to the will of God,” the original sovereign (Agamben 2000b).

4. Although Pol Pot’s regime raises the question of capitalism within the tri-lateral of logics, Cambodia passed through a capitalist stage both under and following colonialism. Moreover, part of the fault of the Khmer Rouge revo-lution—and communism more generally—is that they look exclusively to one part of the trilateral (capitalism) as problematic and continue to want to work within the confines of law and civilization, thus promoting statism.

5. Freud ([1930] 1962) sits somewhere between these two views, identifying vio-lence as a primitive instinct that was only subdued through civilization but also acknowledging that the individual’s quest for instinctual freedom is impeded by civilization’s demand for conformity, hence the enduring discontent.

6 Violent Evictions: Oral Possession and Legal Transgression

1. It was only males who were afforded such rights, which in itself tells us some-thing about the discriminatory origins of property.

notes / 179

2. I was unable to obtain permission to include the image, as the photographer remains anonymous owing to concerns for his safety and possible retaliation. Fortunately, villagers also shared these photos with LICADHO, who have posted them to their website at: http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/album/view_photo.php?cat=36.

3. Or as Adam Smith (1776/2007) was keen to refer to it, “previous” accumulation.4. As the first person in history to declare, “I am an anarchist,” Proudhon

(1840/2011, 241) is also considered a preeminent godfather of socialism. His ideas were so influential in late nineteenth-century France that it is impossible to disentangle his critique of property from the libertarian movement that resulted in the Paris Commune of 1871 (Archer 1997).

Conclusion—Memento Mori: The Mortality of Neoliberalism

1. Although in the late 1990s enhanced structural adjustment facilities (ESAFs) and structural adjustment credits (SAC) were abolished, the replacement for the much maligned SAPs, Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), is quite simply SAPs under a new name, so while the language has changed, the imperatives of privatization, liberalization, and deregulation remain firmly entrenched.

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84–5, 95Association of Southeast Asian

Nations (ASEAN), 35, 92authoritarianism

capitalism and, 23, 25, 27–30, 32, 36, 38–9, 100

“culture of violence” thesis and, 18good governance and, 82–3, 97, 100neoliberalism and, 6, 17, 23–39,

61–2, 82–3and war on democracy, 25–30

ban, the (abandonment of Others), 20, 173–5

“banality of evil,” 5, 20, 129, 174–6bare life, 25, 110, 111, 120, 125–9,

132, 136beautification agenda for Phnom

Penh, 32–4, 77Becker, Elizabeth, 74Benjamin, Walter, 124, 128–9Bierce, Ambrose, 135Billig, Michael, 112biopolitics, 117–19, 140, 174biopower, 110, 117, 120Bit, Senaglim, 71–2Black Act, 139black flags, 127, 130Blomley, Nicholas K., 118, 121, 131, 148Bourdieu, Pierre, 81, 93–4, 96, 174Bourgois, Philippe, 100Brenner, Neil, 66, 79Buddhism, 71, 73Bullard, Nicola, 26Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, 135Burawoy, Michael, 14Butler, Judith, 81, 101–3

cadastral property system, 19, 115, 137, 143, 146, 163

Call, Lewis, 113Cambodia

Angkorian era, 74–6coup of 1970, 4

Index

Page numbers in italics refer to content in tables and figures.

210 / index

Cambodia—Continued“culture of violence” thesis and, 18,

45, 61–71, 73–9elections, 20, 27–8, 51Land Law (2001), 108, 137, 141,

143, 144–5, 146–7, 151–8, 162–3Royal Government of Cambodia

(RGC), 29, 33–7, 43–4, 46, 48, 50, 56, 177n1, 177n3

triple transition of, 28, 42US bombing of, 4–9, 42, 67–8,

75, 82“warrior heritage” of, 71–2See also Hun Sen; Khmer Rouge;

Pol Pot; United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)

Cambodian Freedom Fighters (CFF), 35, 37

Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace, 90, 94

Cambodian National Petroleum Authority (CNPA), 56

Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), 27–8, 35, 37, 44–6, 48, 51, 56, 97–8

capitalismauthoritarianism and, 23, 25,

27–30, 32, 36, 38–9, 100colonialism and, 112, 114–16, 138,

178n4creative destruction and, 9, 131, 171hierarchy of, 98legitimating discourses and, 91–2,

94–5, 100moments of, 10, 12morality and, 139–40, 160–2neoliberalism and, 132, 156–7, 171–2origins of, 19, 107–8, 114, 122,

126–7, 157primitive accumulation and, 19,

108–10, 111, 112, 114–17, 126–8, 132, 140, 157

Smith on, 118sovereignty and, 131

subjectification and, 83uneven development and, 9, 171unlimited expansion and, 9, 171violence and, 9, 13, 57–8, 73, 100,

108, 114–17, 122, 140war and, 3–4, 8See also free market

Chandler, David P., 75Chap Sotharith, 90, 94Chea Sim, 51–2, 56Chea Sophara, 77Chhith Sam Ath, 73–4, 94–5, 102Chile, 4–5, 36Choeung Ek (monument), 47Civil Code (1920), 143, 144civilization, 19, 109–10, 111, 112–14,

118–19, 123–8, 131–2Clinton, Hillary, 36Cohen, Stanley, 14Cold War, 42, 82, 109, 137Collier, Paul, 139“colonial present,” 78, 126, 175colonialism

appeals to, 70capitalism and, 112, 114–16, 138,

178n4civilizing mission of, 7, 18–19, 31,

62, 78, 131French, 76, 115, 142–3good governance and, 89imaginative geographies and, 65, 76lessons of, 3Locke and, 160neocolonialism, 39neoliberalism and, 114–17postcolonialism, 58, 128, 147racism and, 62rule of law and, 112

“commonsense”diagnostic rupturing of, 13rhetoric of good governance,

18, 83–6, 91–4, 101–2, 110, 113, 131

use of the term, 178n2

index / 211

communism, 27, 29, 36, 43–7, 73, 82, 94–5, 108, 172, 178n4

Communist Party of Kampuchea. See Khmer Rouge (Communist Party of Kampuchea)

community consensus, 19, 109, 137corruption, 8, 47, 50–2, 97–8, 119,

121, 126Council for the Development of

Cambodia, 56, 89Rectangular Strategy for Growth,

Employment, Equity and Efficiency, 89, 89–91

Cox, Robert, 36Critique of Violence (Benjamin), 124Crotty, James, 26“culture of violence” thesis, 18, 45,

61–71, 73–9Curtis, Grant, 74

dark matter, 110, 111, 117–20, 129–30

De Angelis, Massimo, 116De Soto Polar, Hernando, 120, 157democracy

accountability and, 25–6authoritarianism and, 25–30Cambodian culture and, 74–5development and, 24–5, 169–70free market and, 3–4, 7, 23–4, 87good governance and, 86–7international financial institutions

(IFIs) and, 24, 26liberalization and, 26, 72–3neoliberalism and, 157, 170rule of law and, 121use and abuse of the word, 24war on, 25–30See also elections

democracy building, 3, 9democratic accountability, 23–6, 30, 39deregulation, 6, 29, 37, 50, 65, 82, 96,

141, 179n1Derrida, Jacques, 147

Devaraja (cult of the divine God-kind), 23, 39, 76, 114, 142

developmentauthoritarianism and, 17beautification agenda, 32–4, 77democracy and, 24–5, 127, 169–70economic growth as measure of, 169good governance and, 83, 85–93neoliberalism and, 7–8, 16–17, 32,

38–9, 43, 58oil exploration, 48, 56, 152patronage and, 48–9postconflict, 7–9as pretext for eviction, 48, 110, 122–7uneven, 9, 30, 44, 171urbanization, 32–4, 138violence and, 169–70

Devil’s Dictionary, The (Bierce), 135Dina Nay, 70–1, 92–3discourse

Butler on, 101–3capitalism’s, 114–15“culture of violence,” 18, 45, 61–71,

73–9of denigration, 67–71of enemy, 43–7, 177n2Foucault on, 81, 94, 147good governance and, 84–7, 95IFI, 26, 86, 99of law, 148, 152, 160, 163legitimating, 91–2, 94–5, 100neoliberalism and, 5, 9, 11, 16, 24,

31–2, 38, 81–4, 168, 171Orientalist, 31, 61–2, 65–6,

69–80, 83performativity and, 101–2subjectification and, 82–3transformative, 114

dispossessionaccumulation by, 34, 54–5, 108,

116–18, 120–3, 127, 130–2, 150, 159

colonial and, 117, 160disproperty as distinct from, 164–5

212 / index

dispossession—Continuedunder Hun Sen, 55, 109, 120,

141–2, 151law and, 109, 132, 138, 140–1,

146–53, 155, 159, 164–5poverty and, 141, 156privatization and, 109, 116violent, 19, 34, 54–5, 108–9, 116written discourse and, 147–53See also evictions, forced

domestic violence, 55–6Duffield, Mark, 7, 66Duménil, Gérard, 26Dymski, Gary, 26

elections, 7of 1993, 27–8of 2003, 51of 2013, 20democratic legitimacy and, 32good governance and, 86low-intensity democracies and, 24patronage and, 48violence and, 44

enemy, discourses of, 43–7, 177n2enhanced structural adjustment

facilities (ESAFs), 179n1Enlightenment, European, 3, 78essentialism, 75, 113Etcheson, Craig, 45, 68ethics, 48, 132, 160–2. See also moralityethnography, 14–16Etounga-Manguelle, Daniel, 68evictions, forced, 2, 19, 33

authoritarianism and, 34development as pretext for, 48, 110,

122–7Kratié Province, 35–6legal system and, 19, 49, 108–9,

137–9, 152–8, 163Sambok Chab commune, 123,

153–4Spean Ches village, 119, 148–53,

158–60

statistics, 141See also dispossession

exceptional violence, 2, 20, 129, 171–2, 174–6

exemplary violence, 2, 20, 126, 129, 171, 174–5

forced evictions. See evictions, forcedforeign aid, 27Foucault, Michel

Althusser and, 178n3on diagnostic rupturing, 13, 114on discourse, 81, 102, 147on government, 91, 94, 101–2, 118,

140on the polemicist, 162on power, 91, 93–4, 117on violence, 101

Frank, Andre G., 115free market

Cambodia’s transition to, 28, 42, 45, 56, 82, 88, 94–5

democracy and, 3–4, 7, 23–4, 87good governance and, 86, 88, 92,

94–5neoliberalism and, 4, 23–4, 62,

168, 170See also capitalism

free trade, 3, 65Freud, Sigmund, 178n1FUNCINPEC (National United Front

for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia) party, 27–8

Gallup, Jeffrey C., 75genocide, 5, 41–2, 53, 61, 67, 82–3, 94geographies, visible and invisible, 110,

111, 112, 123George, Susan, 1, 167German Ideology, The (Marx and

Engels), 91, 178n3Germany, 3, 5Gibson-Graham, J. K., 9, 103, 171

index / 213

Gill, Stephen, 24, 95Glassman, Jim, 108, 150global ethnography, 14–16global imaginations, 14globalization, 12–14, 24, 32, 93.

See also neoliberalismGodwin, William, 108, 165Goldman, Emma, 130good governance

“commonsense” rhetoric of, 18, 83–6, 91–4, 101–2, 110, 113, 131

free markets and, 84, 86–8, 92–9inequality and, 18, 92–3, 96–9Orientalism and, 83, 89, 91–2, 101Rectangular Strategy for Growth,

Employment, Equity and Efficiency, 89, 89–91

symbolic violence and, 91–100Graeber, David, 23“Great Dichotomy” of modernization

theory, 62, 74Gregory, Derek, 110, 112, 126Guantanamo Bay, 127Guttal, Shalmali, 8

Hardt, Michael, 136Harris, Cole, 157–8Harrison, Lawrence E., 139Hart, Gillian, 108, 150Hartsock, Nancy, 10–12Harvey, David, 10–11, 39, 108, 116,

150, 178n2Hay, Douglas, 152Heder, Steve, 74Hegel, Georg W., 116, 133Hendrikse, Reijer P., 173Heng Chantha, 35Heng Pov, 52Hewison, Kevin, 36Hobbes, Thomas, 130–1Hoeffler, Anke, 139homelessness, 33–5, 77, 153, 172homo sacer (life that does not count), 19,

25, 110, 111, 132, 136, 143, 157

Hor Sok, 52Hun Sen, 108, 129

and 1993 elections, 27–8commitment to neoliberalization, 27dispossessions under, 55, 109, 120,

141–2, 151opposition to, 35–8patronage under, 44–6, 51–2, 56,

151Pol Pot compared with, 5, 13, 52,

119–20Huntington, Samuel P., 139Hutchison, Jane, 30

I Walked With A Zombie (film), 1individualism, 3, 98, 131, 174Indonesia, 23, 27, 29inequality

good governance and, 18, 92–3, 96–9

market liberalization and, 1, 83, 88, 95, 116

neoliberalism and, 2, 11–13, 27, 30, 38, 57, 65, 73–4, 79, 88

violence and, 11–12, 57, 92–3, 99World Bank Report 2006 on, 98–9

international financial institutions (IFIs)accountability and, 26Asian Development Bank (ADB),

72, 84–5, 95democracy and, 24, 26development and, 17good governance and, 83, 85–6,

88, 91inequality and, 95, 98–100patronage and, 52–5structural adjustment policies

(SAPs) of, 170See also International Monetary

Fund (IMF); World BankInternational Monetary Fund (IMF),

26, 41, 54, 68–9, 86, 88, 95–6Iraq, 36Italy, 3

214 / index

Japan, 35–6Jomo, Kwame Sundaran, 30juridico-cadastral system, 19, 137, 163.

See also cadastral property system

Kent State shootings, 4Keynesianism, 4, 30, 116khmaang (enemy), 44, 177n2Khmer culture, 72, 74, 76, 78, 115,

142. See also Devaraja (cult of the divine God-kind)

Khmer feudalism, 142–3Khmer language, 5, 15, 43–4, 142Khmer Rouge (Communist Party of

Kampuchea), 85, 94bio/necropolitics and, 128–9“culture of violence” thesis and,

67–9, 73–5effect of US bombing on, 5, 42, 82ex-urbanization policy of, 109, 138genocide, 5, 41–2, 53, 61, 67,

82–3, 94overthrow of (January 7, 1979), 6,

42, 82See also Pol Pot

Kim, Sook-Jin, 38Kinnvall, Catarina, 29Klein, Naomi, 5, 8, 82, 172kleptocracy, 43, 55–8, 141.

See also patronage system; shadow state practices

Korean War, 4Kropotkin, Peter, 108

land grabbing, 47–9, 55, 96, 108, 121, 126, 140–2, 151, 156–7, 163

land lawchronology of, 144–5Civil Code (1920), 143, 144forced evictions and, 19, 49, 108–9,

137–9, 152–8, 163Land Act (1884), 143, 144Land Law (2001), 108, 137, 141,

143, 144–5, 146–7, 151–8, 162–3

Land Management and Administration Project (LMAP), 146, 156–8

landholding, 19, 109, 115, 137–40, 143, 146. See also property

Langran, Irene V., 37law

dispossession and, 109, 132, 138, 140–1, 146–53, 155, 159, 164–5

orality and, 19, 138–9, 143, 146, 148, 150, 155–62

power and, 147–8, 152–5, 159–60primitive accumulation and, 138–9,

146–7, 150, 158–9, 163–5violence and, 20, 140, 142, 146–58,

161–5written word of, 19, 135, 137–40,

142–3, 146–56, 159, 163–4See also land law

Le Vine, Victor T., 37Ledgerwood, Judy, 35Lefebvre, Henri, 85legal system. See land law; lawLevi, Primo, 178n3Levinas, Emmanuel, 161–2Lévy, Dominique, 26liberalism, tenets of classical, 3.

See also neoliberalismliberalization

corruption and, 8democratization and, 26, 72–3economic, 31, 84–6, 88, 90, 116,

139, 170good governance and, 84–6, 88, 90

LICADHO, 44, 92–3, 141, 155, 179n2

Lizée, Pierre, 74Locke, John, 160–1Lon Non, 4, 141Lund, Christian, 139Luxemburg, Rosa, 108, 115–16

Mabbet, Ian W., 23, 39Malaysia, 23

index / 215

Mam Sonando, 35–6Marx, Karl, 113, 126, 133

on colonialism, 115on force, 117German Ideology, The (with Engels),

178n3on interpretation/change, 113, 175on origins of capitalism, 114on origins of property, 107on processes and permanences, 10

Marxism, 30, 94, 161Massey, Doreen, 62–4, 66, 79–80McGrew, Laura, 86, 90methodology, 13–16Migdal, Joel S., 29–30Mitchell, Katharyne, 31Mitchell, Timothy, 177n1modernization, “Western,” 27, 36, 77,

89, 112modernization theory, 62, 74, 78moment, concept of, 10–12monolithism, 12, 14, 18, 57, 83–4, 96,

167–8, 171, 175Mont Pelerin Society, 3Moore, David, 8morality, 4, 37, 68–9, 71, 77, 117

neoliberalism and, 167–76property and, 139–40, 158–63, 165See also ethics

Muselmanner, 128–9, 178n3Mussomeli, Joseph, 68

Negri, Antonio, 136neoliberalism

as abstraction, 13, 38, 57, 168“actually existing,” 17, 29, 38, 45,

57, 79, 84authoritarianism and, 23–39, 61–2bare life and, 25, 110, 111, 120,

125–9, 132, 136capitalism and, 132, 156–7, 171–2corruption and, 7–8“culture of violence” thesis and, 18,

45, 61–71, 73–9

democracy and, 157, 170development and, 7–8, 16–17, 32,

38–9, 43, 58“disciplinary,” 24, 95as discourse, 168, 171elections and, 32“everyday,” 85–6, 92, 96–7free markets and, 4, 23–4, 62, 168,

170global, 12–13, 30, 171inequality and, 2, 11–13, 27, 30, 38,

57, 65, 73–4, 79, 88military force and, 3“as monolithism” argument, 12, 14,

18, 57, 83–4, 96, 167–8, 171, 175origins of, 3patronage and, 45–6political repression and, 26postconflict development and, 7–9poverty and, 2, 13, 38, 53, 57, 65,

79, 84, 97, 170power and, 28–37, 81, 84–7, 91–4,

97, 101, 173revolution and, 4–5rise of, 2–3securitization and, 25, 30–8,

177–8n2“shock doctrine” and, 5, 8–9, 46,

82, 177n3subjectification to, 18, 38, 81–5,

88–94, 100–2, 118, 168tenets of, 3, 65theorizations of, 168transfer of public holdings and, 6–7urban sphere and, 32–5, 96

Neou, Kassie, 75new institutional economics (NIE),

156–7Nixon, Richard, 4nonviolence, 16, 62, 69–70, 92, 131,

146–7Nordom Sihanouk, Prince, 4Nordstrom, Carolyn, 11Norodom Ranariddh, Prince, 27

216 / index

Obama, Barack, 37Occupy Movement, 20oil exploration, 48, 56, 152orality, 19, 138–9, 143, 146, 148, 150,

155–62Orientalism

democracy and, 28good governance and, 83, 89, 91–2,

101violence and, 1, 18, 31, 61–2, 65–6,

69–80, 130Others

abandonment of, 20, 173–5capitalism and, 109–10, 114–17ethics and, 162good governance and, 89primitive accumulation as, 109–10,

114–17property and, 140, 143, 163savage, 18, 62–3, 65–6, 77–8, 125,

131welfare provisions and, 24

Ou Virak, 53, 73, 95, 102

Paris, Roland, 7Paris Peace Accords (PPA), 7, 46, 56,

67, 69, 72Parsons, Albert Richard, 108Patriot Act, US, 36–7patronage system, 2, 17, 42–3,

45–58peacebuilding, 7, 139, 157Peang-Meth, Abdulgaffar, 74, 76Peck, Jamie, 41Peluso, Nancy Lee, 139Peou, Sorpong, 157Perelman, Michael, 108, 150performativity, 101–2, 121, 160Phnom Penh, Cambodia

beautification agenda for, 32–4, 77development in, 49evictions in, 49, 95–6, 122–3, 153–4land-swap deals, 47Sambok Chab commune, 123, 153–4

Vietnamese capture of (January 7, 1979), 6, 42, 82

violence and, 32, 35Pinochet, Augusto, 36Piseth Pilika, 52–3place, space and, 18, 62–4, 66,

79–80Pol Pot, 13, 42, 82, 112, 178n4

anarchist critique of, 128–9Hun Sen compared with, 5, 13, 52,

119–20legacy of, 67–8and Security Prison 21 (S-21), 120,

127–8transformation from Saloth Sar, 5world opinion of, 129and “Year Zero,” 75See also Khmer Rouge

Poster, Mark, 178n3poststructuralism, 10, 101, 112–13,

116, 125, 147, 168poverty, 46

“as crime,” 34dispossession and, 141, 156good governance and, 86, 92, 95, 97inequality and, 13–14, 46, 53, 57, 84Marx on, 107neoliberalism and, 2, 13, 38, 53, 57,

65, 79, 84, 97, 170sovereignty and, 135–6“trickle down effect” and, 38urban, 33–4violence and, 34, 92, 99, 102, 147war and, 8

Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), 170, 179n1

powerbiopower, 110, 117–18, 120good governance and, 81, 84–7,

91–4, 97law and, 147–8, 152–5, 159–60neoliberalism and, 28–37, 81, 84–7,

91–4, 97, 101, 173patronage and, 44–8, 51–3

index / 217

property and, 135–43, 147–8, 152–5, 159–60, 164

sovereign, 19, 31, 108, 110, 111, 112, 115–20, 125, 127–9, 131, 163

Prasso, Sheri, 69primitive accumulation, 2, 19, 47, 49,

54, 120as capitalism’s dialectic “Other,”

19, 108–10, 111, 112, 114–17, 126–8, 132, 140, 157

defined, 34law and, 138–9, 146–7, 150, 158–9,

163–5Marx on, 107Smith and, 118–19violence and, 54, 121–3, 126–8,

130–1, 140, 146–7, 150See also dispossession

privatization, 23–4, 177n3dispossession and, 109, 116good governance and, 90local elites and, 32, 37, 82patronage system and, 43, 45,

47–51, 56Systematic Land Registration (SLR)

program, 143violence and, 7

propertycadastral system, 19, 115, 137, 143,

146, 163capitalism and, 108–12, 114–17,

123, 132, 142, 152, 160–1land grabbing, 47–9, 55, 96, 108,

121, 126, 140–2, 151, 156–7, 163Marx on, 107morality and, 139–40, 158–63, 165Others and, 140, 143, 163possession as distinct from, 135–7power and, 135–43, 147–8, 152–5,

159–60, 164space and, 130–2, 137–8Tolstoy on, 107violence and, 107See also dispossession; land law

protest movements, 4, 31–2, 35, 38, 52, 96, 176

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 108, 117, 132, 135–6, 160–1, 179

public space, 31, 33, 35, 55Pung Chiv Kek, 44, 92–3, 102, 155

racism, 62, 78–9Rainsy, Sam, 46–7, 97–8, 121Rancière, Jacques, 162Reaganomics, 4Reclus, Elisée, 108, 124–5Reddy, Rita, 77–8Rey, Pierre-Philippe, 115Richelieu; Or the Conspiracy

(Bulwer-Lytton), 135Roberts, David W., 74–6Robison, Richard, 29Rodan, Garry, 36Routledge, Paul, 32Royal Government of Cambodia

(RGC), 29, 33–7, 43–4, 46, 48, 50, 56, 177n1, 177n3

Rubio, C., 64–5Rupesinghe, Kumar, 64–5Russell, Ray, 123, 132–3

Said, Edward, 78, 125Sam Rainsy Party, 46–7, 97–8, 121Sambok Chab commune (Phnom

Penh), 123, 153–4savagery

civilization/savagery dialectic, 19, 31, 110, 111, 112, 118–19, 125–6, 128, 131, 157

“culture of violence” thesis and, 18, 61–5, 67–71

Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 100Scott, James C., 19, 138, 140Security Prison 21 (S-21), 120, 127–8September 11, 2001, 31, 35, 65shadow state practices, 43–54, 57“shock doctrine,” 5, 8–9, 46, 82, 177n3Sidaway, James, 173

218 / index

Siem Reap, Cambodia, 47, 69Sihanoukville, Cambodia, 48, 119–20,

148Smith, Adam, 23, 118–19, 179n3Smith, Neil, 172social justice, 2, 9, 89–90, 123, 129,

169–70, 175Sodhy, Pamela, 74–5Soeharto, 27, 29Sok An, 56Sok Kong, 45–6, 56Sok Sam Oeun, 69–70, 121Sok Sethamony, 52Sokimex, 45–6, 56Sotheara Chhim, 54, 70South Korea, 27, 36Soviet Union, 3, 6, 27, 94, 178n1space

discursive, 67“moment” and, 10–12Orientalism and, 65, 77place and, 18, 62–4, 66, 79–80politics and, 162property and, 130–2, 137–8public, 31, 33, 35, 55(re)productions of, 20, 63, 67, 84–5,

101, 122, 169, 171, 175violence and, 20, 64, 67, 77, 79–80,

84, 128, 131Spean Ches village (Sihanoukville,

Cambodia), 119, 148–53, 158–60squatter settlements, 34–5, 77, 164Starr, Martha A., 8Steenkamp, Chrissie, 64strong states, 29–30, 39structural adjustment programs

(SAPs), 99, 170, 179n1Sullivan, Kathy, 68symbolic violence, 18, 83–4, 91,

93–102, 122, 129, 174. See also violence

Syngman Rhee, 27Systematic Land Registration (SLR),

143, 146, 156, 158

Taiwan, 36Taylor, 91terrorism, 17, 31, 35–7. See also “war

on terror”Terzibaşoğlu, Yücel, 139Thailand, 23, 51Thatcher, Margaret, 1Thatcherism, 4Thavat, Maylee, 57Theodore, Nik, 66, 79Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith), 23Theravada Buddhism, 71Thompson, E. P., 139Thun Saray, 70, 87Tickell, Adam, 41Tolstoy, Leo, 107, 121translation strategy, 15transparency, 26, 45, 47, 50–1, 86–7,

91–2trilateral of logics, 19, 109–10, 111,

112, 119–32, 127n4Tuastad, Dag, 66Twain, Mark, 61

Un, Kheang, 35United Nations

on forced evictions, 123–5withdrawal of aid from Cambodia, 6

United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), 1–2, 46, 82, 143, 145

1993 elections and, 27–8Cambodian constitution and, 87democracy and, 27–8establishment of, 7free market and, 24, 95triple transition presided over by, 41–2violence and, 69–70

urban entrepreneurialism, 32–3, 96beautification, 32–4, 77

urbanization, 32–4, 138

Vickery, Michael, 74, 115Viet Cong, 4, 42

index / 219

Vietnam, 37, 72Cambodia as client state of, 6,

27–8, 143, 144capture of Phnom Penh (January 7,

1979), 6, 42, 82withdrawal from Cambodia, 6

Vietnam War, 4, 6, 82violence

capitalism and, 9, 13, 57–8, 73, 100, 108, 115–17, 122, 140

“culture of violence” thesis, 18, 45, 61–71, 73–9

development and, 169–70domestic, 55–6exceptional, 2, 20, 129, 171–2, 174–6exemplary, 2, 20, 126, 129, 171,

174–5genocide, 5, 41–2, 53, 61, 67,

82–3, 94good governance and, 91–100inequality and, 11–12, 57, 92–3, 99law and, 20, 140, 142, 146–58, 161–5moment of, 10–11“new barbarism” thesis of, 66Orientalism and, 1, 18, 31, 61–2,

65–6, 69–80, 130patronage and, 48primitive accumulation and, 54,

121–3, 126–8, 130–1, 140, 146–7, 150

“privatization of,” 7protest and, 30–1symbolic, 18, 83–4, 91, 93–102,

122, 129, 174witness to, 11See also war

Wacquant, Loïc, 93, 96Wainwright, Joel, 38war

Cambodia’s history of, 41–2, 44, 46, 53, 68, 70, 82, 138

capital accumulation and, 3on democracy, 25–30peacebuilding and, 7, 139on the poor, 30–7poverty and, 8

“war on land-grabbing,” 55, 142“war on terror,” 25, 35–6, 65, 127, 132weak states, 29–30Weber, Max, 30, 164welfare provisions, 24, 26, 33, 53World Bank, 41

dependency on, 95good governance and, 86inequality and, 98–9Land Management and

Administration Project (LMAP), 137, 143, 146, 156–7

land registration and, 137, 143, 146research, 8rhetoric and, 95, 99–100World Bank Report 2006: Equity

and Development, 98–100World War I, 3, 116World War II, 3, 36, 116written word of law, 19, 135, 137–40,

142–3, 146–56, 159, 163–4

Xing, Li, 36

Youk Chang, 77–8Young, Neil, 4