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1Introduction

Werner MohrNokia Siemens Networks

This chapter describes the global development and status of mobile and wireless communi-cations from the deployment of analogue first-generation systems towards the current globalresearch activities on systems beyond 3G/IMT-Advanced. Development towards digital mo-bile communication systems in the second generation enabled successful, global mass-marketpenetration. Third-generation (3G) systems are providing improved user experience for dataapplications. In parallel, the wireless IT sector is developing systems for short-range andwide-area applications. Based on these developments and expected future traffic growth, re-quirements and basic system concepts for IMT-Advanced have been developed by ITU-Rand major network operators. Research activities on such systems started about 1999 in allregions of the world. The European WINNER project is one major effort for the developmentof an IMT-Advanced radio interface concept under Framework Programme 6 of the EuropeanCommission. All these developments supported the identification of additional frequencyspectrum for mobile and wireless communications in the World Radiocommunication Con-ference (WRC) 2007. After WRC 2007, the system concept has to be adapted to its outcome.In parallel with the forthcoming standardisation process, the necessary research activities foradapting and optimising the system concept are being continued in the European Eureka Celticproject WINNER+ as a follow-up to the WINNER project.

1.1 Development and Status of Mobile and Wireless Communications

Mobile and wireless communication systems have been successfully deployed in differentregions of the world since the 1980s. In the first generation, differing analogue systems weredeployed mainly in the developed regions of the world to support telephony services for mobilesubscribers. In Europe, different systems were deployed in different countries, which did notallow roaming between countries. In the Americas, a single Advanced Mobile Telephone

Radio Technologies and Concepts for IMT-Advanced Martin Dottling, Werner Mohr and Afif OsseiranC© 2009 Martin Dottling, Werner Mohr, Afif Osseiran

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2 Radio Technologies and Concepts for IMT-Advanced

System (AMPS) was deployed. Japan developed its own system as a derivative of AMPS[Wal02; S91; Lee90].

With respect to small national markets for different analogue systems in Europe, theConference Europeenne des Administrations des Postes et des Telecommunications (CEPT)decided in 1982 to develop a pan-European second-generation mobile communication system.This was the starting point of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), whichwas deployed internationally from 1991. In the beginning, the main objective of GSM wasthe support of voice telephony and international roaming with a single system across Europe.GSM is based on time division multiple access (TDMA) and digital signal processing, whichis the main technical advance over first-generation systems [Hil02]. In parallel with GSM,other digital second-generation systems were developed globally and competed with eachother. The USA followed a market-driven approach with competing technologies for the sameservice. Japan deployed a national second-generation system, Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)System, which was not compatible with other second-generation systems. Today, the GSMfamily (GSM, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSMEvolution (EDGE)) is the dominant second-generation mobile communication standard witha global market share (at the end of the second quarter of 2008) of more than 86 % and 2.975billion subscribers in more than 200 countries [GSA08]. The main competitor to GSM isIS-95 CDMA, which is based on code division multiple access (CDMA) [Vit95]. The CDMAsystem family, including third-generation systems, supports 451 million subscribers globally[CDG08]. Currently, the main subscriber growth markets for the GSM system are emergingmarkets, such as China with about 7 million new subscribers per month and India with about5 million new subscribers per month. At the end of 2007, more than 3 billion subscribers intotal were connected to mobile communications globally.

Mobile and wireless communications are serving user needs with increasing penetrationrates on a global basis. Mobile communication systems enable many new applications andallow more flexibility for users and thereby an improvement of quality of life and efficiency ofbusiness processes. In parallel with the fast growth of second-generation mobile communica-tion, third-generation systems were developed from about 1988 and deployed globally since2002. The introduction of third-generation (3G) mobile communication systems, InternationalMobile Telecommunications (IMT-2000), provided a mobile broadband access system, whichincreases the opportunities for data applications and new business models [UMTS05]. Themain representatives are Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), based on theintegration of this new radio access system on the GSM network infrastructure, and cdma2000,a further development of IS-95 CDMA. The first UMTS systems supported peak data ratesof 384 kbps. UMTS and cdma2000 are being further developed for increased performance.High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), a UMTS variant, supports peak downlink data rates from7.2 Mbps to about 14.6 Mbps (see for example [HT07]) by using adaptive modulation and cod-ing with higher-order modulation and multicode transmission. This system was launched in2007. At the end of the second quarter of 2008, UMTS and its further developments reachedabout 235.5 million subscribers globally [GSA08]. UMTS is being further developed by the 3rdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP) [3GPP] towards the Long Term Evolution (LTE) systemwhich has peak data rates of more than 100 Mbps, increased spectral efficiency and significantlyshorter latency than today’s systems. LTE is based on orthogonal frequency division multipleaccess (OFDMA) and advanced spatial processing – multiple input multiple output (MIMO).Similar activities are ongoing for the further development of the cdma2000 family [3GPP2].


Introduction 3

The Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) initiative, which is supported byinternational network operators, has formulated requirements on further developments ofmobile communications [NGMN]. Such requirements are mainly related to a flat networkarchitecture based on the Internet protocol (IP) for cost reduction, higher spectral efficiencyfor better use of the available frequency spectrum, lower latency and higher peak datarates with flexible allocation of data rates to users. Additional requirements are a high cellaverage throughput and sufficiently high cell edge capacity in order to cover the expectedincreasing data traffic with growing user density. LTE is already being developed towardsthese requirements, which is an important step towards IMT-Advanced (see Section 1.2).

In parallel with these developments in the telecommunications industry, the wireless ITsector provides different IP-based access systems for different application areas. WirelessLAN (WLAN) systems, in the standards family IEEE802.11, are used for local and short-range applications without mobility. WLAN systems are widely available globally. WirelessPersonal Area Networks (WPAN) are standardised by IEEE802.15 for very short ranges andhigh throughput. Broadband wireless access (BWA) systems, according to IEEE802.16, arelooking for higher ranges including the support of user mobility [IEEEIO; IEEESG]. TheBWA WiMAX system is a member of the IMT-2000 family [WIMAX].

1.2 Expectations of Data Traffic Growth

The expected economic impact of mobile and wireless communications providing improvedproductivity in business processes and access to information any time and anywhere is drivingthe further improvement of communication systems. Traffic over mobile and wireless systemsis expected to increase significantly especially for data applications [UMTS05]. Data traffic isstrongly increasing mainly due to Internet traffic.

In preparation for the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) 2007, the EuropeanCommission initiated a market study of mobile and wireless communications [FBB05], whichpredicted a significant increase in traffic in various scenarios, confirming the expectations offora such as the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) and the industry. In addition, theInternational Telecommunication Union – Radio Sector (ITU-R) has the objective of signif-icantly increasing global teledensity, which should connect about 5 billion people by 2015.Based on these studies, ITU-R developed a market report and spectrum demand estimates.The EU Framework Programme 6 Wireless World Initiative New Radio (WINNER) projectcontributed to this activity [TW08].

In developed regions and countries, data traffic is mainly carried by fixed networks andminor amounts are carried via mobile and wireless systems. Data traffic per user is increasingsignificantly. If a small part of the traffic moves from fixed networks to mobile and wirelesssystems, this results in a huge increase in traffic on mobile and wireless systems [Wal07;WWRF]. In emerging regions and countries, a dense and broadband fixed network is notyet available especially in less densely populated areas. Therefore, the deployment of mobileand wireless systems is a faster and more economic solution. These trends show the need forincreased radio network capacity and throughput by improved systems and the identification ofadditional frequency spectrum. WRC 2007 identified additional frequency spectrum to replyto these needs (Chapter 12). However, the amount of frequency spectrum identified is less thanthat required by market studies and is different in different regions and countries.



1.3 Development Towards IMT-Advanced

These increasing traffic expectations require the further development of future mobile andwireless systems. Research activities on IMT-Advanced started in different regions even beforethe launch of third-generation systems. Around 1999, initial research work started in Europeon systems beyond 3G and in Japan even earlier on 4G systems. In Europe, the WirelessStrategic Initiative (WSI) project in Framework Programme 5 of the EU developed a firstconcept of systems beyond 3G. This project launched the global Wireless World ResearchForum (WWRF) [WWRF] in 2001 as a platform for building consensus to further develop thevision and basic concepts and algorithms and to identify the major building blocks for futuresystems [Taf05; Taf06; MK00].

Today’s systems (see Section 1.1) are developed independently for different applicationareas such as cellular-based mobile communication systems for nationwide coverage and thesupport of full mobility and international roaming; short-range communications (WLAN-typesystems) for nomadic use and local coverage; broadband wireless access systems for DigitalSubscriber Line (DSL), last-mile applications and broadcast systems. Users want personalisedmobile multimedia services with any content, anywhere, at any time, via any device and anyaccess system. The necessary system complexity has to be hidden from the user via easy-to-handle user interfaces. From the user perspective, the vision for mobile communications canbe described as a multisphere level concept (see Figure 1.1), which was developed in the WSIproject around 2001 and further detailed in an early edition of the WWRF ‘book of visions’[WWRF; Moh03a].

This basic vision will remain in the future. In the world beyond 3G, the user-centric approachwill enable people to communicate anywhere, any time to anybody and will improve today’suser experience by seamless access to mobile and wireless systems. ITU-R developed andapproved, in 2003, Recommendation M.1645 on the future development of IMT-2000 (3G)and systems beyond it [ITU03], which was the basis for the preparation of WRC 2007. Futuresystems will comprise a network of networks of cooperating heterogeneous access systems viahorizontal handover within the same access system and vertical handover between differentaccess systems for seamless access (see Figure 1.2). The access systems will be integrated on

Figure 1.1 The multisphere level concept: IMT-Advanced will cover different communication rela-tions. (Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media © 2008).


Introduction 5

IMT-2000

WLANtype

Cellular2nd gen.

Short Range

xDSL

otherentities

DigitalBroadcast

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download channel

New RadioInterface

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gen.

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IP based Core Network

Services and

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download channel

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IMT-2000WLAN

gen.

WirelinexDSL

otherentities

DigitalBroadcast


download channel

New RadioInterface

IP-based Core Network

Services andApplications

Figure 1.2 ITU-R vision for IMT-Advanced. (Reproduced by Permission of IEEE © 2009).

an IP-based core network platform. This overall vision will integrate wide-area and short-rangesystems as well as public licensed and unlicensed systems, which complement each other.

The scope of this book is the new radio interface in Figure 1.2. It should support thefollowing basic generic capabilities:

� New mobile access: Peak aggregate useful data rate up to approximately 100 Mbps and amobile speed up to 250 km/h.

� New nomadic/local area wireless access: Peak aggregate useful data rate up to approximately1 Gbps.

These targets are summarised in a ‘van-diagram’ in terms of data rate versus mobility (seeFigure 1.3). The international specification bodies 3GPP and 3GPP2 are already extending thecapabilities of 3G systems towards higher peak data rates and lower latency (e.g. in the UMTSfamily: High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA); High Speed Uplink Packet Access(HSUPA); and LTE), which corresponds to enhanced IMT-2000.

Supporting such capabilities with sufficient average cell throughput and cell edge capacitywill require wider carrier bandwidth than today’s systems [Moh03b]. Such wider bandwidthmay only be available in frequency bands above the bands for current systems. WRC 2007identified additional frequency spectrum in different bands including the UHF band below1 GHz and in the C band around 3.5 GHz. At higher frequency bands and for significantlyhigher data rates than today’s systems, the covered range will be smaller [MLM02]. In orderto provide economic coverage under these conditions, new deployment schemes such asrelay-based or multihop systems are getting much attention in the research community. Theadditional frequency spectrum will most probably not be available exclusively for mobile andwireless communications and sharing scenarios will play an important role.



denotes interconnection between systems via networks, which allows

flexible use in any environment without making users aware of constituent systems.

Dark shading indicates existing capabIMT-2000; and the lighter shading indicates new capabilities of systems beyond IMT-2000.

Low mobility covers the speed pedestrian and high mobility covers speed highways or fast trains (60<thin space>km/h to 250>km/h, or more).

IMT-2000

Mobility

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0001001011

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IMT-2000

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Enhancement

Systems beyond IMT-2000 willencompass the capabilities ofprevious systems

Dashed line indicatesthat the exact datarates associated withsystems beyond IMT-2000are not yet determined.

KEY:

Digital Broadcast SystemsNomadic / Local Area Access Systems

denotes interconnection between systems via networks, which allows

flexible use in any environment without making users aware of constituent systems.

ilities; medium shading indicates enhancements to

IMT-2000

Mobility

Low

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0001001011

New capabilitiesof systems beyond

IMT-2000

Peak Useful Data Rate (Mb/s)

NewMobileAccess

New Nomadic / LocalArea Wireless Access

EnhancedIMT-2000

Enhancement

Systems beyond IMT-2000 willencompass the capabilities ofprevious systems

Dashed line indicatesthat the exact datarates associated withsystems beyond IMT-2000are not yet determined.

KEY:

Digital Broadcast SystemsNomadic / Local Area Access Systems

Figure 1.3 The capabilities of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000 [ITU03]. (Reproduced withkind permission of ITU © 2009).

1.4 Global Research Activities

There are two trends of global research activities on future radio access systems [Moh08].Research activities in Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea (CJK)) are mainly following theITU-R Recommendation M.1645 [ITU03] with respect to Figures 1.2 and 1.3. In Europe andin telecommunication-oriented manufacturers in North America, research is based on require-ments from ITU-R and bodies such as 3GPP. The global wireless IT sector is supportingapplication-specific radio access systems (see Section 1.1), e.g. in the context of IEEE stan-dardisation [IEEEIO; IEEESG], which are directly connected to the Internet. Also the wirelessIT sector is working towards ITU-R requirements in M.1645.

The Chinese government has launched the research framework program 863. Future mobilecommunication systems are investigated in the FuTURE project. The concepts and results ofthis project are discussed with international partners in the FuTURE Forum [FF]. The systemconcept is based on distributed radio systems and antennas using radio over fibre in order to


Introduction 7

improve system capacity and coverage. The Chinese research community and industry arecooperating closely.

In Japan, the activities are coordinated in the mobile IT Forum [mITF] and Advanced Wire-less Communications Study Committee in the context of the Association of Radio Industryand Business [ARIB]. The concepts and requirements are summarised in reports [mITF03;mITF04; mITF05a; mITF05b]. The mITF reference model combines radio access as a hetero-geneous environment of different systems, the packet-based core network, the service supportplatform and, on top of that, services and applications. The different radio access systems coop-erate via the core network. This reference model is very similar to the ITU-R RecommendationM.1645 [ITU03].

Korea is following a similar approach to that of Japan. The Next Generation Mobile Com-mittee [NGMC] is coordinating the national activities. Basic research activities are performedby the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) [ETRI]. There aredifferent evolution and migration paths from Personal Area Networks (PANs), WLAN-typesystems, wireless local loops (WWLs), Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS), cellular and broadcastsystems [Moh08]. In the different paths, the systems are evolving towards higher throughputvalues. The integration of these different systems results in the IMT-Advanced system similarto [ITU03]. In parallel, Korea is actively supporting the approach of the wireless IT sectorbased on IEEE802.16 as an intermediate step towards IMT-Advanced.

China, Japan and Korea are cooperating at government level and between standards devel-opment organisations (SDOs) towards common objectives in the CJK initiative.

In Europe, the European Commission addressed the area of systems beyond 3G in theWork Plan of Framework Programme 6, which is continuing in Framework Programme 7[ECC]. Several complementary and cooperating projects have been launched in this domain(see Section 1.5). These European Commission Framework Programmes are complementedby related national programmes and projects in different Member States and Eureka Clustersat the European level [EUC], where nationally funded projects are cooperating.

The global wireless IT sector is supporting systems for different radio access scenarios. Themain activity is in the IEEE standardisation process [IEEEIO; IEEESG], where the followingsystems are currently under consideration:

� IEEE802.11 series for WLAN applications;� IEEE802.15 series for short-range communications;� IEEE802.16 series for fixed wireless access with a roadmap towards mobility;� IEEE802.20 series for cellular applications;� IEEE802.21 for interworking issues;� IEEE802.22 for wireless regional area networks.

In the USA, significant effort is spent on software defined and cognitive radio systems forfuture applications and a different use of the frequency spectrum. The main research activitieshave been launched by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the neXtGeneration (XG) communications program [DARPA] and the National Science Foundation(NSF) [NSF] mainly for the academic domain.

In this global environment, the WINNER project in Framework Programme 6 of the Eu-ropean Commission was launched as an international consortium to develop a system con-cept including key algorithms, protocols and an architecture that support the ITU-R generic



requirements and ongoing developments in the global regulatory and standardisation domain[WIN].

1.5 WINNER Project

The WINNER project was launched at the beginning of Framework Programme 6 of theEuropean Commission. This project was organised in two phases, from January 2004 toDecember 2005 (WINNER I) and from January 2006 to December 2007 (WINNER II). Thisproject was the response to the request from ITU-R to the research community to investigatethe feasibility of generic requirements for IMT-Advanced. Major research challenges werederived from these requirements and other global research activities on IMT-Advanced (seeSection 1.4).

IMT-Advanced should provide significantly higher throughput than available systems. Therelated greater carrier bandwidth may only be available at higher carrier frequencies, whichboth reduces the available range and coverage [Moh03b; MLM02]. Therefore, finding eco-nomic methods of deployment for future systems was a major research challenge.

With respect to the limited frequency bands, a high average cell spectral efficiency andcell edge capacity are important requirements. Link level procedures, advanced antenna con-cepts, resource management schemes, interference mitigation techniques, efficient protocols,and spectrum usage and sharing technologies are essential for efficient use of the availablefrequency spectrum. Only the best combination of these different technologies and their op-timisation can ensure meeting the requirements. Therefore, system design and optimisationat the system level, taking into account the radio network in addition to the link level, isnecessary.

The overall objectives of the WINNER project can be summarised as follows [Moh07]:

� To develop a ubiquitous scalable radio access system based on common radio access tech-nologies with enhanced capabilities, compared to existing systems and their evolutions, thatwill adapt to and be driven by user needs and a comprehensive range of short-range towide-area mobile communication scenarios. This should be achieved by utilising advancedand flexible network topologies, physical layer technologies and frequency sharing methods,where the different scenarios are addressed by optimised parameter settings.

� To base the design of the radio system on a horizontal integration for different radio envi-ronments and spectrum conditions in terms of frequency range and carrier bandwidth withrespect to the availability of frequency spectrum.

� To make efficient use of the radio spectrum in order to minimise the cost per bit.� To define the system in such a way that it can be realised through cost competitive infras-

tructure and terminals.

All relevant areas of the radio interface have been investigated and concepts, algorithms andprotocols have been developed. Major achievements of the project are in the following areas:

� the overall system concept and architecture including the multiple access system, modulationand coding, scheduling, medium access control (MAC), radio resource management (RRM)and radio link control (RLC);


Introduction 9

� the system architecture, which has a flat architecture, relay logical nodes, a spectrum server,cross-layer optimisation of protocols and a focus on scalability and flexibility;

� development and optimisation of coding schemes, such as LDPCC, DBTC and QC-BLDPCcodes, and the link adaptation scheme for frequency-adaptive transmission and channelcoding;

� link level procedures such as channel estimation, link adaptation, a pilot channel schemeand synchronisation for SISO and MIMO systems;

� interference averaging and mitigation techniques including random dynamic channel allo-cation;

� deployment concepts, such as relaying for different radio environments including protocols,radio resource management and cost assessment;

� cooperation (mobility management, congestion avoidance control and QoS-based manage-ment) between legacy systems and the WINNER concept;

� the performance evaluation methodology for extensive system simulation, for optimisationand validation purposes;

� channel models (path loss, wideband and MIMO) for system evaluation, contributed tointernational regulatory and standards bodies;

� the spectrum requirements calculation tool, which was adopted by ITU-R for the preparationof WRC 2007 [TW08];

� extensive contributions to the global regulatory and standardisation process in ECC PT1,ITU-R, 3GPP and IEEE on spectrum requirements and spectrum sharing towards the prepa-ration of WRC 2007, on channel modelling and indirectly on 3GPP LTE via project partners;

� investigation of implementation issues and complexity.

In addition, the project collected user requirements and traffic models. All building blocksare combined and optimised jointly to develop the overall system concept. These activitieswere carried out for wide-area, metropolitan-area and local-area scenarios. Finally, the projectperformed trials of key functions of the system concept.

The WINNER project was part of a bigger research initiative, the Wireless World Initiative(WWI), where several projects in Framework Programme 6 were cooperating to investigate allmajor components of the value constellation of future mobile and wireless communicationsin the sense of end-to-end solutions from a system perspective [MA06]. In addition to theWINNER project, WWI comprised the following projects:

� Ambient Networks (AN): Development of a ‘seamless network’ for heterogeneous networks[NSZ07];

� End-to-End Reconfigurability (E2R): Investigation of reconfigurability of networks [BE05];� MobiLife: Looking at services and applications from the end user and terminal perspective

[Kle07];� Service Platform for Innovative Communication Environment (SPICE): Development of

service platform concepts [MSK06].

1.6 Future Work

The major activities in international standardisation (e.g. 3GPP and IEEE), the regulatoryprocess in ITU-R, and WRC 2007 and its implementation are shown in Figure 1.4. International



2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

3GPP - 3G evolution

HSDPA, start of deployment 3G evolution (LTE, NGMN)

WRC 2007

IEEE and related activities

IEEE802.11n / 16 / (WiMAX, WiBro in Korea) start of deployment

Regulation (ITU-R Framework Recommendation)

StandardisationSpectrum Implementation

Deployment

WINNER

HSUPA

WINNER

WINNER+

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

3GPP - 3G evolution

HSDPA, start of deployment 3G evolution (LTE, NGMN)

WRC 2007

IEEE and related activities

IEEE802.11n / 16 / (WiMAX, WiBro in Korea) start of deployment

Regulation (ITU-R Framework Recommendation)

StandardisationSpectrum Implementation

Deployment

WINNER

HSUPA

WINNER

WINNER+

Figure 1.4 Timeline of activities.

bodies are now preparing themselves for the forthcoming standardisation process based on theconditions that were set by WRC 2007.

The WINNER project contributed to the process in the pre-standardisation phase towardsWRC 2007. In this phase, the research work was based on assumptions about the potential out-come of WRC 2007. After WRC 2007, the system concept has to be adapted. For example, theidentified frequency bands in WRC 2007 will most probably not be available for exclusive usefor mobile and wireless communications. The identified frequency bands provide constraintson the potential carrier bandwidth for IMT-Advanced in order to allow competition betweendifferent operators. Therefore, spectrum sharing concepts for the efficient common use of thespectrum will be developed. In addition, further requirements on increased spectral efficiencywere raised with respect to the limited available frequency spectrum and bandwidth of iden-tified bands (e.g. in [NGMN]). In parallel with the forthcoming standardisation process, thenecessary research activities for adapting and optimising the system concept are continued inthe European Eureka Celtic project WINNER+ [WIN+]. These developments and conditionsresult in the objectives of WINNER+, which are summarised as follows:

� To research and integrate the system concept and to evaluate innovations in areas with ahigh potential of exploitation in IMT-Advanced based on the LTE evolution and WINNER.

� To harmonise innovations in the pre-standardisation phase.� To contribute to regulatory and standard organisations technology elements that are suitable

to IMT-Advanced.� To participate in the evaluation of selected technology proposals.� To demonstrate the feasibility of selected key technologies.

References

[3GPP] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, www.3gpp.org.[3GPP2] 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2, www.3gpp2.org.


Introduction 11

[ARIB] ARIB, www.arib.or.jp/english/.[BE05] Bourse, D. and El-Khazen, K. (2005) ‘End-to-End Reconfigurability (E2R) Research Perspectives’, IEICE

Transactions, 88-B(11):4148–57.[CDG08] CDMA Development Group (2007) ‘Subscriber statistics, end of first quarter of 2008’, www.cdg

.org/worldwide/cdma world subscriber.asp.[DARPA] Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, http://www.darpa.mil/sto/smallunitops/

xg.html.[ECC] European Commission, http://cordis.europa.eu/home en.html.[ETRI] Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, www.etri.re.kr/eng/.[EUC] Eureka Clusters, www.eureka.be/home.do.[FBB05] Forge, S., Blackman, C. and Bohlin, E. (2005) The Demand for Future Mobile Communications Markets

and Services in Europe, Technical Report EUR 21673 EN, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies,Sevilla.

[FF] FuTURE Forum, www.future-forum.org/en/index.asp.[GSA08] GSM Association (2008) GSM/3G Statistics, end of second quarter of 2008, www.gsacom

.com/news/statistics.php4.[Hil02] Hillebrand, F. (2002) GSM and UMTS: The creation of global mobile communication, John Wiley &

Sons, Ltd, Chichester.[HT07] Holma, H. and Toskala, A. (2007) HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester.[IEEEIO] IEEE-ISTO, www.ieee-isto.org.[IEEESG] IEEE Standards Groups, http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/.[ITU03] ITU-R (2003) Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT-2000 and systems

beyond IMT-2000, Recommendation M.1645.[Kle07] Klemettinen, M. (2007) Enabling Technologies for Mobile Services: The MobiLife Book, John Wiley &

Sons, Ltd, Chichester.[Lee90] Lee, W.C.Y. (1990) Mobile cellular telecommunications systems, McGraw-Hill Book Company,

Singapore.[MA06] Mohr, W. and Aftelak, A. (2006) ‘The Wireless World Initiative: A Collaborative Approach to Creating the

Building Blocks for Systems Beyond 3G’, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference 2006 Fall, September25–28, Montreal, Canada.

[mITF] mobile IT Forum, www.mitf.org/index e.html.[mITF03] mobile IT Forum (2003) Flying Carpet: Towards the 4th Generation Mobile Communications Systems,

Version 1.00.[mITF04] mobile IT Forum (2004) Flying Carpet: Towards the 4th Generation Mobile Communications Systems,

Version 2.00.[mITF05a] mobile IT Forum (2005), Recent Mobile Commerce Trends and Perspective: Open Sesame, Version 1.00.[mITF05b] mobile IT Forum (2005), 4G Mobile System Requirements Document, Version 1.1.[MK00] Mohr, W. and Konhauser, W. (2000) ‘Access Network Evolution Beyond Third Generation Mobile

Communications’, IEEE Communications Magazine, 38(12):122–33.[MLM02] Mohr, W., Luder, R. and Mohrmann, K.H. (2002) ‘Data Rate Estimates, Range Calculations and Spectrum

Demand for New Elements of Systems Beyond IMT-2000’, IEEE 5th International Symposium on WirelessPersonal Multimedia Communications, October 27–30, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.

[Moh03a] Mohr, W. (2003) ‘The Wireless World Research Forum’, Computer Communications, 26(1):2–10.[Moh03b] Mohr, W. (2003) ‘Spectrum Demand for Systems Beyond IMT-2000 Based on Data Rate Estimates’,

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 3(3):1–19.[Moh07] Mohr, W. (2007), ‘The WINNER (Wireless World Initiative New Radio) Project: Development of a Radio

Interface for Systems Beyond 3G’, International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, 14(2):67–78.[Moh08] Mohr, W. (2008) ‘Vision for 2020?’, Wireless Personal Communications, 44(1):27–49.[MSK06] Mrohs, B., Steglich, S., Klemettinen, M., Salo, J.T., Aftelak, A., Cordier, C. and Carrez, F. (2006)

‘MobiLife Service Infrastructure and SPICE Architecture Principles’, 64th IEEE Vehicular TechnologyConference (VTC-2006 Fall), September 25–28.

[NGMC] Next Generation Mobile Committee, http://ngmcforum.org/ngmc2/eng ver/eng 1.html.[NGMN] NGMN Ltd, www.ngmn.org.[NSF] National Science Foundation, www.nsf.gov/.[NSZ07] Niebert, N., Schieder, A., Zander, J. and Hancock, R. (2007) Ambient Networks: Co-operative Mobile

Networking for the Wireless World, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester.



[S91] Scheele, P. (1991) Mobilfunk in Europa, R.v. Decker’s Verlag, G. Schenck GmbH, Heidelberg.[Taf05] Tafazolli, R. (2005) Technologies for the wireless future, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester.[Taf06] Tafazolli, R. (2006) Technologies for the wireless future, Volume 2, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester.[TW08] Takagi, H. and Walke, B.H. (2008) Spectrum requirement planning in wireless communications, John

Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester.[UMTS05] UMTS Forum (2005) Magic Mobile Future 2010–2020, Report No. 37, www.umts-forum.org/.[Vit95] Viterbi, A.J. (1995) CDMA: Principles of spread spectrum communication, Addison-Wesley Publishing

Company, Reading, MA.[Wal02] Walke, B.H. (2002) Mobile radio networks, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester.[Wal07] Walker, M. (2007) ‘Mobile Broadband: A 2020 Vision’, WWRF meeting #19, Chennai, India, November

5–7.[WIMAX] WiMAX Forum, www.wimaxforum.org/home/.[WIN] WINNER project, www.ist-winner.org/.[WIN+] WINNER+ project, www.celtic-initiative.org/Projects/WINNER+/abstract-

winner+.asp.[WWRF] Wireless World Research Forum, www.wireless-world-research.org/.

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