Some Things Are Worth The Rush:

The Impact of Anonymous Social Media Sites on Sorority Recruitment

Megan Oliver

November 20, 2015

COM 495

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Abstract

With the explosion of social media sites over the last few years, it is becoming

easier for people to share their thoughts and opinions – for better or worse. This study

aims to determine the extent to which sorority women and potential new members

(PNMs) are influenced by negative anonymous posts on Greek Rank and Yik Yak. Four

in-depth interviews were conducted, consisting of two sorority women and two PNMs.

The findings reveal that these negative posts could impact the decisions of PNMs

considering sorority recruitment. This study also reveals that cyberbullying is still

prevalent among college-aged students, and can take a nasty turn when specifically

targeting individual sorority members or organizations. Universities and national sorority

organizations may use these insights to reduce cyberbullying on campus and redefine the

recruitment process for future generations.

I. Introduction

Social media is one of the most common ways for people to stay in touch and

instantly share their thoughts. With this rising popularity of social media sites like

Facebook and Twitter, cyberbullying has increased as well – leading some victims to take

the messages of their bullies to heart, with tragic consequences.

On college campuses, anonymous messaging apps like Yik Yak allow students to

share their thoughts and vote on popular ideas. While the majority of posts include

complaints about typical college experiences or humorous anecdotes, other posts

negatively target specific individuals or groups. On November 11, 2015, two college

students at the University of Missouri posted anonymous violent threats towards black

students on Yik Yak, including one post that read: “I’m going to stand my ground

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tomorrow and shoot every black person I see.” Fortunately, Yik Yak quickly removed

the posts and worked with local law enforcement to track down and arrest the two

students before any violent plans were put into action (Alcindor & Stanglin 2015).

Similar to Yik Yak, the website GreekRank allows users to anonymously

comment, rank and discuss issues – specifically the popularity, attractiveness, or

classiness of fraternities and sororities at universities nationwide. At Elon University,

both of these anonymous social platforms have been used to tear down Greek

organizations and their members. Some posts on GreekRank suggest that certain

sororities even have “self-ranking committees” dedicated to reporting negative posts and

keeping their online reputation clean – proving that negative posts could have detrimental

effects to a sorority’s reputation. During the sorority recruitment season, negative

rankings may even deter PNMs from joining certain organizations in a lifetime bond of

sisterhood.

This paper will examine the impact of anonymous social media postings on Yik

Yak and GreekRank for members of the Elon University sorority community. The

viewpoints of senior sorority women and PNMs will be analyzed to determine any

differences between the knowledge and usage of these sites, as well as how these sites

could adversely impact the sorority recruitment process. Exploration into whether these

sites have any influence on the way in which sorority members view their own

organizations and the Greek community as a whole, or how Elon University could change

the negative online conversation will also be conducted.

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II. Literature Review

Cyberbullying in College

Cyberbullying can begin at a young age and continue to be problematic in later

years, as demonstrated by two recent studies (Chatters & Zalaquett 2014; LaMotte,

2015). Chatter’s (2014) findings revealed that individuals who experience cyberbullying

in college also experienced this behavior in high school, which could be explored within

the Elon sorority community through a focus group or interview. Additionally, LaMotte

(2015) found that college aged women experience the same negative effects of

cyberbullying as younger adolescents – proving that harmful words online can cut deep at

any age.

When determining the profile of an aggressor in online bullying attacks, it is

important to analyze the key emotions that could cause an individual to post harmful

messages. Key studies over the last five years (Dilmac, 2009; Michael, 2015) have found

that stress or aggression may prompt an individual to post negative comments online.

These individuals may find that they can relieve stress by lashing out at others online,

free of the consequences that could arise from a face-to-face confrontation.

Rafferty and Ven (2014) found that the three main motivators for cyberbullying

include cyber sanctioning, power struggles, and entertainment. On Elon University’s

GreekRank page, many users have divided each sorority into a variety of “tiers,” mainly

ranked based on looks, popularity, or social interactions. This type of segmentation could

definitely create a power struggle among all organizations in each tier. Additionally,

individuals who are not involved in Greek life may feel as though the Greek system is

oppressive and all consuming – hence the struggle to “fight the power” of the Greek

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community. Users may post on GreekRank or Yik Yak solely for entertainment purposes

by sharing a funny anecdote or spreading positivity throughout the Greek community.

According to Smith (2012), over half of Greek letter organizations were more

likely to be an observer to cyberbullying, as opposed to the victim or bully. This

information could indicate that over half of Greek organizations are not intervening to

end the cyberbullying of other organizations by fellow Greeks or non-affiliated persons.

Molluzzo and Lawler (2012) found that students know that cyberbullying efforts are

being targeted towards a specific group, but they are not sure if their university is putting

forth any effort to curb these negative behaviors.

GreekRank and Yik Yak at Universities

Elon University news sources, such as Elon Local News and The Pendulum,

delved deep into student usage of Yik Yak and GreekRank. Dahal (2014) reported about

a specific cyberbullying incident on campus through the app, as well as survey results

from 260 Elon students that indicate, “24 percent had been cyberbullied in their lifetime,

14 percent were targeted on Yik Yak and 18 percent had targeted somebody else on the

app” (2014). In addition, “37 percent of students surveyed indicated that they think Yik

Yak negatively impacts the Elon community” (2014). These findings may encourage

further research into why Elon students still use sites like Yik Yak, even though a large

percentage of students believe that they have a negative impact on the community as a

whole. Bilka (2015) interviewed employees of the Elon Greek Life office, and found that

while some individuals utilize GreekRank to highlight positive attributes of different

organizations, the overwhelming majority of posts tear down Greek organizations.

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Some websites are advising college women to avoid GreekRank altogether for a

more open-minded recruitment process. Celentano (2015) shared her personal story of

sorority recruitment, and how reading negative comments on GreekRank skewed her

decision.

Bandura’s (1978) Social Learning Theory states that learning is a cognitive

process that can only take place through observation or direct instruction. The key tenants

of Bandura’s theory include vicarious reinforcement, modeling, and reciprocal

determinism. PNMs can learn about different sorority organizations by reading posts on

GreekRank and Yik Yak. By posting negative comments repeatedly, anonymous users

are playing directly into the Social Learning Theory. When sorority members

purposefully or accidentally reinforce an online comment (such as partying excessively

or acting superficial), they are supporting a stereotype that could harm their reputation in

the long run.

The research questions addressed in this paper include:

Research Question #1: To what extent do anonymous websites and

applications like Yik Yak and GreekRank impact the way PNMs view

individual sororities, or sorority women view the Greek community as a

whole?

Research Question #2: Have any sorority women or PNMs viewed

GreekRank prior to the recruitment process? Did this website have an

impact on their final decision?

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Research Question #3: Do sorority women or PNMs believe that the

university is doing enough to combat cyberbullying, specifically in the

Greek community? If not, what could be done differently?

III. Methods

Four in-depth interviews were conducted in order to investigate the impact of

GreekRank comments on the self-esteem of sorority women. This qualitative method

allowed each participant to share personal accounts of cyberbullying and feelings towards

GreekRank. The benefit of conducting in-depth interviews is that they “…create an event

in which one person (the interviewer) encourages another person to articulate interests or

experience freely” (Rosenberry & Vicker 2009). The decision to conduct in-depth

interviews as opposed to focus groups was made primarily in the interest of

confidentiality, as well as creating an environment for respondents to feel safe to share

stories freely without fear of speaking too much or too little in a group setting.

The sample was created based on convenience, and consisted of four female

students. Two of the participants were first-year students, who will be participating in

Elon’s sorority recruitment in January 2016. The other two participants were senior

students, who represented two different sororities on Elon’s campus. Before the

individual interviews began, each participant stated her reasons for wanting to go through

recruitment, and whether or not members of her immediate family were involved in

Greek organizations. These background questions helped to establish a basis for what

each individual was looking for in a sorority, and whether or not their families’ past

Greek involvement played a role in their decision to join Greek life.

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The next section involved a discussion about cyberbullying. Each participant was

asked to define “cyberbullying” in their own words, and give an example of a

cyberbullying incident in their own life (or the life of someone they know). The

participants were then asked to give advice to someone who might be experiencing

cyberbullying, to see how they would deal with a potentially difficult online situation.

The third section delved deep into the participants’ knowledge and usage of the

website GreekRank. For individuals who did not possess any prior knowledge about the

site, a brief description about the site was given, and sample posts were shown (see

below). For those individuals with prior knowledge about the site, additional questions

such as “What kinds of posts have you seen?” and “Are there any posts that stick out in

your mind as memorable in a positive or negative way?” were asked.

Sample Post #1 – An example of a group “ranking” discussion on GreekRank

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Sample Post #2 – An example of an individual sorority ranking on GreekRank

All of the participants were asked whether or not they thought that this site had the power

to change the minds of women going through recruitment as PNMs (RQ #2), whether this

site would be considered a form of cyberbullying, and what they would tell the director of

Fraternity and Sorority Life or other organizations about this website (RQ #4).

In the final section of the interviews, participants were asked whether or not they

had ever used the app Yik Yak. If participants did use the app, they were then asked

which type of user they would identify with (purely observational, commenter, voter, or

poster), how frequently they visited the app, and if any posts had stood out to them as

being offensive or examples of cyberbullying.

IV. Findings

Reasons for going through Sorority Recruitment

When asked why they wanted to go through the sorority recruitment process, the

two sorority women shared that they just wanted to give it a try and see what sorority life

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was like in real life, and if they didn’t like the experience, they could always drop out.

One of the sorority women said, “I wasn’t like, ‘If I don’t join [a sorority], then my life is

over.’ I was more like, ‘I’ll go through it and see how I feel.’” Both of these women

indicated that they did not complete any background research into the different sororities

prior to recruitment, but they knew of other women in their dormitories or friend groups

who took the process very seriously and carefully researched each organization.

The two women who will be participating in recruitment this spring indicated that

they liked Elon University’s policy of deferred recruitment, because it could give them

time to form their own friend groups outside of Greek Life. Throughout their first

semester at Elon, these women noted that they have observed the close bonds between

sorority women of all ages, and that the idea of a sisterhood performing charitable acts

was appealing.

Defining “Cyberbullying” & Advice for Victims

All four of the interviewees defined cyberbullying in relatively similar terms –

utilizing the Internet as a way to anonymously target individuals. Some of the women

suggested different means by which individuals could be cyberbullied, such as through

the posting of mean comments on Facebook, or hacking into another person’s social

media page. One of the respondents stated that she had not seen a lot of cyberbullying in

college, and she believes that students in middle school and high school were most likely

to be affected by this kind of harassment.

When asked, “What advice would you give to someone who is experiencing

cyberbullying?,” the respondents were not unanimous in their responses. Two individuals

stated that the best course of action would be to avoid the situation, “Don’t respond to it

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or show that you’re affected by it, and hope it will go away.” The other two respondents

suggested a more confrontational style of dealing with this issue.

“You’re being attacked, so I don’t think you should have to remove your social

media if you’re the one being harmed…I feel like [the bully’s] privilege of being

able to use Facebook should be revoked, not the victim’s.”

Both of these women also suggested reporting the incident to a trusted adult or someone

in authority, who would have a better sense of how to deal with the situation.

GreekRank – General Knowledge, Reviewers, and Negative/Positive Aspects

The two sorority women had heard of the website GreekRank, but only one of

those two had ever visited the site. Neither of the two first-year students had heard of the

website. After providing these women with a brief summary of the site and showing them

two sample posts, interviewees were asked who they thought might be writing the

anonymous posts – sorority women, fraternity men, or nonaffiliated individuals. The

interviewees stated that they believe the people writing the negative posts are involved in

Greek Life in some capacity, but they way in which the posts are written suggests that

they could either be sorority women or fraternity men. One interviewee suggested a

different point of view, “I think it’s either people who are in Greek Life, or people who

aren’t in Greek Life that hate it, or are upset because they weren’t accepted into an

organization.”

The interviewees all agreed that GreekRank has an overwhelmingly large amount

of negative aspects. One respondent expressed her frustration with the website,

“Basically, it is just a place for everyone to be mean to each other – it’s 100%

mean comments; you will never see a nice comment. And it doesn’t make sense,

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because we have nine organizations [at Elon] and when you look on GreekRank,

it looks like every organization sucks, because everyone goes on GreekRank and

bashes each other. There is not a single organization that isn’t targeted on

GreekRank.”

Two of the respondents equated GreekRank’s five-star rating and tier system with

high school social cliques,

“…The whole idea is that Elon tries to paint sorority life as a way to build women

up, and sites like this just tear it down. And especially, when you’re reading all of

those things that are so petty and saying ‘top tier’ – like, are we in high

school?...None of that [expletive] is going to matter, especially when you

graduate and you’re out in the real world.”

Another interviewee stated that the feelings of sorority women could be easily hurt by the

negative comments on this site.

When asked if the website had any positive attributes, only one respondent

offered a suggestion,

“In terms of positives, I saw some nice comments, but I can’t really take any of

them to heart, because I don’t know who’s saying them…that could just be

someone who’s in that organization, or someone who is best friends with someone

in that organization.”

Effects of GreekRank on Sorority Recruitment & Cyberbullying

When asked whether or not respondents believed that the comments on

GreekRank could affect the way PNMs view sorority organizations, the respondents

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unanimously agreed that GreekRank could affect PNMs’ final decisions. One of the

women who will be going through recruitment in January shared her thoughts,

“I definitely think so. Even if a girl is between two houses, she may remember a

ranking from GreekRank, and choose a house based on the ranking alone. I feel

like my perspective is a minority perspective. I feel like a lot of girls take

[rankings] into consideration.”

The other PNM stated that, if she had heard of the website earlier, she definitely would

have browsed through it to get a sense of Elon’s sorority community.

Even though the two sorority women did not view GreekRank prior to their

recruitment process, they both recalled instances when this website may have affected the

decisions of their peers:

“I feel like a lot of people knew exactly where they wanted to go before they even

rushed. I remember talking to a girl in October, and she said “I want to be in X

organization,” and I said, “I don’t know what that means, but okay.” I feel like a

lot of people look at the site beforehand, and they have their eye on the top three

or four organizations, and they want to join when they don’t know anything about

[the organization itself].”

In addition, the same sorority woman recounted a post that she saw on GreekRank

relating to a transfer student and her organization (see Appendix B for the post):

“There was a discussion [on GreekRank] from a girl who went to Penn State, so

she created the discussion conversation and said ‘Hey, I’m transferring to Elon

from the XXX organization at Penn State, but GreekRank makes it seem as though

that organization at Elon isn’t that good. Should I join it?’ and everyone was like

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‘No, don’t join it.’ Instead of looking at the organization as a whole and deciding

for herself, she just went straight to GreekRank.”

Another sorority woman compared the reviews of organizations on GreekRank to product

reviews on Amazon:

“…I definitely think that girls who are either very eager about going through

recruitment, or who might have chosen Elon because they are interested in Greek

Life, or know a girl who’s in an organization and they want to know about other

organizations, might reference this site…which is horrible! Because it’s not like

you’re buying a product on Amazon and you’re reading the reviews, this is just

people being petty and making things up.”

When asked whether or not GreekRank is a form of cyberbullying, the

respondents had mixed feelings. The two sorority women agreed that GreekRank targets

specific organizations and, on occasion, specific people – which they considered to be a

form of bullying:

“I can guarantee that…no matter if it’s a guy in a fraternity, or a girl in a

sorority or someone unaffiliated…they’re using [GreekRank] as a platform to

hide behind a screen and attack someone else, or attack an organization as a

whole. So, I do think it’s a form of bullying, because you’re ranking people –

which is also subjective and not very fair.”

The two women planning to go through recruitment felt as though GreekRank may not be

an extreme form of cyberbullying, but the site could definitely allow for the belittling of

others, “The site itself is not a form of cyberbullying, but it sets up an easy way to

cyberbully others.” One of the two women stated that she would consider GreekRank to

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be cyberbullying if users on the site called out people individually – which, in fact, has

occurred on the site over the past few years.

Advice for Elon’s Sororities & Office of Fraternity and Sorority Life

One of the sorority women suggested implementing a unifying theme of “Greek-

mindedness” on GreekRank, where members of each sorority would post positive

comments on the pages of different organizations, “Let’s all come together to not

comment on GreekRank, or just comment nice things. It will be beneficial to everyone if

we’re all nice and positive.” The other sorority woman discouraged usage of the website

altogether:

“…I would just encourage organizations on campus not to use it. I just think it’s

so unnecessary. I don’t think it’s a platform for where if you have something nice

to say, you should say it through this because it doesn’t feel very genuine… I

don’t think it deserves the positive compliments, I think it deserves not to be a

visited site…”

One of the PNMs echoed a similar response, stating that fraternities and sororities

shouldn’t endorse using the site, and all organizations should agree that their differences

make them unique. The other PNM offered strict guidelines for those who can post on the

site, including only allowing people who have been in a Greek organization for at least a

year to post, in order to present a valid and honest opinion.

Yik Yak & Cyberbullying

All of the respondents stated that they are aware of the app Yik Yak, and have

used or viewed it in the past. Some mentioned posts that they had found amusing, while

others stated that they used the app as a source of campus news or gossip source. In

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addition, none of the respondents felt as though Yik Yak was a form of cyberbullying.

One of the PNMs stated that she felt as though Yik Yak would be an opportunity for

someone to cyberbully, but she hasn’t personally witnessed any cyberbullying on the app.

A sorority member also shared her view of Yik Yak, “I don’t think Yik Yak is nearly as

bad as GreekRank, because I feel like a lot of people use Yik Yak as a source of

entertainment…whereas GreekRank is just plain mean.”

V. Conclusion

Research Question #1: To what extent do anonymous websites and applications like Yik

Yak and GreekRank impact the way PNMs view individual sororities, or sorority women

view the Greek community as a whole?

Based on responses received during the four interview sessions, GreekRank has

the potential to impact the way PNMs view individual sororities, and how sorority

women view the Greek community as a whole. Interviewees stated that posts on Yik Yak

are purely for entertainment purposes, while posts on GreekRank could prove detrimental

to a sorority’s reputation and a PNM’s final decision to join a Greek-letter organization.

In the two interview sessions with the sorority women, both women indicated that they

believe fraternity and sorority members at Elon are posting negative comments online –

implying that Elon’s Greek system is incredibly competitive and is currently lacking a

unifying sense of brotherhood and sisterhood. This information disconfirms Smith’s

(2012) theory over half of Greek letter organizations were more likely to be an observer

to cyberbullying, as opposed to the victim or bully.

Research Question #2: Have any sorority women or PNMs viewed GreekRank prior to

the recruitment process? Did this website have an impact on their final decision?

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The women interviewed in this study felt as though they fell into the minority of

women who did not view GreekRank prior to recruitment. The two sorority women

mentioned that some of their peers had already chosen their top houses months in

advance of recruitment, indicating that research on GreekRank might have been a factor.

The “tier” and ranking systems on GreekRank could potentially sway a PNM to choose

one sorority over another, based solely on anonymous posts with information that may be

biased. The sorority women were not aware of the GreekRank until after recruitment and

initiation into their organizations. The PNMs indicated that they had never heard of

GreekRank, but that their peers had also started “ranking” the sorority organizations and

determining the top houses on campus for recruitment. In reference to Bandura’s (1978)

Social Learning Theory, PNMs are learning about sororities and their individual

reputations through observing posts on GreekRank. Since the majority of the posts on this

site are negative, users are vicariously reinforcing the idea that each organization is

flawed, and a poor choice for PNMs.

Research Question #3: Do sorority women or PNMs believe that the university is doing

enough to combat cyberbullying, specifically in the Greek community? If not, what could

be done differently?

According to the interviewees, Elon University still has a long way to go to

combat cyberbullying within the Greek community. While recent strides have been made

to create an inclusive Fraternity and Sorority Life environment on campus, negative

comments on GreekRank continue to be posted, and will likely only multiply as the

university nears recruitment activities. This information confirms Rafferty & Ven’s

(2014) findings that the main motivators for cyberbullying include power struggles and

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entertainment – as many GreekRank users may post negative messages for entertainment

or the power to remain a “top tier” organization. The women interviewed suggested either

enacting specific rules for who can post on GreekRank, or disregarding the site

altogether. If the Office of Fraternity and Sorority Life were to delete the “Elon

University” page from GreekRank, users would not be able to post about any Greek

organizations on this campus. Additionally, national fraternity and sorority organizations

could encourage their chapters to refrain from using the website, or work to ban

GreekRank as a whole. However, this may only entice users to seek another outlet, such

as Yik Yak, to share negative feelings.

Limitations and Future Research

One limitation of this study was the relatively small sample size of four female

Elon University students. For future research, a study could be conducted analyzing

additional students of varying genders. Another limitation was that the sorority women

interviewed did not represent every sorority organization on Elon’s campus, or within the

United States. Further research could be conducted to compile results from other sorority

members at Elon, or at larger universities to gain a more widespread range of responses.

VI. Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Dr. Glenn Scott at Elon University for his advice,

support and guidance throughout the writing of this document. Additionally, the author

would like to thank the interviewees who volunteered to share their thoughts, as well as

friends and family members for their constant love and support.

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VII. Appendices

Appendix A: Moderator Guide

Basic information:o Where are you from?o Where do you live on campus?o What made you choose Elon?

Tell me about your decision to go through recruitment:o Why did you want to do it?o What are you hoping to gain from joining a sorority?o What are your thoughts on sorority stereotypes (in movies, TV shows)

How would you define cyberbullying?o Did you ever have an experience with cyberbullying, or know of someone

who did?o What was this experience?o How did you deal with it?o What advice would you give to others who might be experiencing

cyberbullying?

GreekRank:o Have you heard of the website GreekRank?

(If not, provide a brief description of the website)o Have you ever visited the site itself?o What kinds of posts have you seen?

(If not, show the participant the following screenshots from the website)

Sample Post #1 – An example of a group “ranking” discussion on GreekRank

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Sample Post #2 – An example of an individual sorority ranking on GreekRank

o Do you have any posts that stick out in your mind?o Has this site changed your opinion about certain Greek organizations (you

don’t have to name which ones)?o In your mind, what are some of the negative aspects of this website?

Positive aspects?o If you could speak with every sorority on campus, or the director of

Fraternity and Sorority Life about this website, what would you say?o Do you think that the posts on this site have the power to change the

minds of women going through recruitment on the new member side?o Would you consider this website to be a form of cyberbullying?

Yik Yak:o Do you have any knowledge about the app Yik Yak?o Are you a frequent user?o How do you utilize the app – do you mainly post, observe, or vote?o Have any posts in particular stood out to you (as offensive)?

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Appendix B – Transfer Post on GreekRankThis post has been edited to keep the affiliation of the interviewee confidential

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VIII. References

Alcindor, Y. and Stanglin, D. (2015). 2 Suspects Arrested in Social Media Threats at Missouri Campuses. USA Today. Retrieved November 12, 2015 from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/11/11/some-at-u-of-missouri-on-edge-after-social-media-threats-of-violence/75559034/.

Rosenberry, J., & Vicker, L. A., (2009). Applied Mass Communication Theory: A Guide for Media Practitioners. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Dilmac, B. (2009). Psychological Needs as a Predictor of Cyber Bullying: A Preliminary Report on College Students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 9(3), 1307-1325. Retrieved September 29, 2015 from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ858926.pdf

Smith, K. (2012). Cyberbullying: It doesn't Stop After High School Graduation. Cutting-edge Technologies in Higher Education, 5, 207-242.

Chatters, S., & Zalaquett, C. (2014). Cyberbullying in College: Frequency, Characteristics, and Practical Implications. SAGE Open, January-March, 1-8. Retrieved September 29, 2015 from http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/4/1/2158244014526721.

Molluzzo, C., & Lawler, J. (2012). A Study of the Perceptions of College Students on Cyberbullying. Information Systems Education Journal, 10(4), 84-109. Retrieved September 29, 2015 from http://isedj.org/2012-10/.

Rafferty, R., & Ven, T. (2014). ‘I Hate Everything About You’: A Qualitative Examination of Cyberbullying and On-Line Aggression in a College Sample. Deviant Behavior, 35(5), 364-377.

Michael, J. (2015). Peer Victimization in College Sorority and Fraternity Students: The Impact of Group Identity and Campus Connectedness. Diss. Retrieved September 29, 2015 from http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/565888/1/azu_etd_13751_sip1_m.pdf

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Marchon, C. (2015, May 6). The Problem with Yik Yak. Onward State. Retrieved September 29, 2015 from http://onwardstate.com/2015/05/06/the-problem-with-yik-yak/.

LaMotte, S. (2015, March 3). The health risks of cyberbullying in college - CNN.com. Retrieved September 29, 2015 from http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/02/health/cyberbullying-in-college/

Brewer, B., et. al. (2012). Cyber Bullying Among Female College Students: An Exploratory Study. California Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 40-51. Retrieved September 29, 2015 from http://www.cjhp.org/Volume12Issue1_2014/documents/Formatted_CJHP09082012_Freeman.pdf

Mahler, J. (2015, March 8). Who Spewed That Abuse? Anonymous Yik Yak App Isn’t Telling. Retrieved September 29, 2015 from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/09/technology/popular-yik-yak-app-confers-anonymity-and-delivers-abuse.html?_r=0

Bilka, E. (2015, February 23). Anonymous website gives Greek life a rating. Retrieved September 29, 2015 from http://elonlocalnews.com/2015/02/anonymous-website-gives-greek-life-a-rating/

Dahal, L. (2014, September 17). Yik Yak spells trouble for Elon students. Retrieved September 29, 2015 from http://www.elonpendulum.com/article/2014/09/yik-yak-spells-trouble-elon-students

Celentano, K. (2015, July 7). Calling All College Girls Who Want To Go Greek: Do NOT Read GreekRank. Retrieved September 29, 2015 from http://theodysseyonline.com/george-washington-university/calling-all-college-girls-who-want-go-greek-not-read-greekrank/117394

Bandura, A. (1978). Social Learning Theory of Aggression. Journal of Communications, 28(3), 12-29.

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