introduction - upnvj
TRANSCRIPT
Hypercholesterolemia is caused by overproduction of cholesterol and
associated with an increase in the lipid peroxidation product,
malondialdehyde (MDA), which indicates high oxygen free radicals
level and leads to oxidative stress [1,2]. This condition can contribute to
tpathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease
(CAD) [3].
Higher cost and side therapy effect that made by some anti cholesterol
medicine which used in long time is the reason why some people change
to herb therapy. One of that herb is tamarind leaves (Tamarindus indica).
The pulp, in Indonesia has been popular as hypocholesterol and antioxi-
dant but no for the leaves. This research aims to determine
hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activity of Ethanol Extract of
Tamarind Leaves (EETL).
Introduction
2. As Antioxidant :
The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in the serum of
ezetimibe and all variance of EETL groups in hypercholesterol fed rats
than in the serum of hypercholesterol-fed rats alone. Such as the
research before, the tamarindus indica supplementation significantly
decreased the oxidative marker MDA in aged rats [1]. .
Flavonoid and tannin that contain in EETL supplementation is
considered to scavenging of free radicals [2] and activate the
antioxidant enzyme activities [9].
The level of MDA was decrease significantly in ezetimibe group than
control group. Pandya et al said that ezetimibe especially increase
significantly superoxide dismutase (SOD) level [10]. This research
also support our research that ezetimibe reduce oxdative stress.
1. As Hyopcholesterolemic :
A. Saponin binding with bile acids and become a large mixed
micelle. That micelle disturb the absorption in intestinal microvil-
lus. And the total cholesterol will decrease from external pathway
[5,6,7].
B. Flavonoid will increase the activation of LDL-C receptor in hepar
and make the clearance of LDL-C is faster. Finally, total cholester-
ol will decrease too [8].
It can be conclude that :
1. All variance of EETL has hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant
activity that protect against hypercholesterolemic state.
2. EETL has also similar effect with ezetimibe.
3. Saponin, flavonoid, and tannin that contain in EETL likely have the
most contribute to those pharmacology effect.
4. Ezetimibe can be as antioxidant agent.
Figure 2. Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Tamarind Leaves (Tamarindus indica) in
Hypercholesterol-Fed Rats
(1) Shakirin, Faridah Hanim., et al. Antiatherosclerotic Effect of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. Fruit Parts in Rabbits Fed High Cholesterol Diet.Vol 2012. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. 2012.
(2) Choi, Chang-Sook., Chung, Hae-Kyung., Choi, Mi-Kyung., Kang, Myung-Hwa. Ef-fects of grape pomace on the antioxidant defense system in diet-induced hypercholes-terolemic rabbits. Nutrition Research and Practice. Korea. 2010 : 4(2):114-120
(3) Deng, Ruitang., Chow, Te-Jin., Hypolipidemic, Antioxidant And Antiinflamatory Activities of Microalgae Spirulina. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010: 28(4) : e33-e45.[PubMed :2907180]
(4) Gani, Nanang., Momuat, Lidya I., Pitoi, Mariska M. Profil Lipida Plasma Tikus Wistar yang Hiperkolesterolemia pada Pemberian Gedi Merah (Abelmoschus manihot L.). Jurnal MIPA UNSRAT Online 2 . Indonesia: Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado.2013.
(5) Francis, Gordon A., et al. Cerebral cholesterol granuloma in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemi. Canadian Medical Association. 2005.
(6) Matsuura, H., Saponins in Garlic as Modifiers of the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. The Journal of Nutrition. 2001.
(7) Santoscoy, R.A.C., Uribe, J.A.G., Saldívar, S.O.S., Effect of Flavonoids and Saponins
Extracted from Black Bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) Seed Coats as Cholesterol Micelle
Disruptors. Springer Science + Business Media New York. 2013.
(8) Oliveira, T.T., et al. Hypolipidemic Effect of Flavonoids and Cholestyramine in Rat.
Latin American Journal of Pharmacy. 2007. 407–410.
(9) Martinello.F, et al. Hypolipemic and Antioxidant Activities from Tamarindus indica L.
Pulp Fruit Extract in Hypercholesterolemic Hamsters. Food and Chemical Toxicology.
Elsevier. 2006.
(10) Pandya, N., Santani, D., Jain, S. Antioxidant Activity of ezetimibe in
hypercholesterolmic rats. Indian Journal Pharmacology. Vol 38. India. 2006.
Reference
Figure 3. Antioxidant Activity of Tamarind Leaves (Tamarindus indica) in
Hypercholesterol-Fed Rats
Conclusion
Result
Result :
The data of hypocholesterolemic activity before and after intervention
were analyzed by T-test. All groups except negative control group was
significantly difference (p<0.05)
Then, the data were also analyzed by one way ANOVA, the significancy
of hypocholesterolemic activity is 0.008 and antioxidant activity is
0.001. It was statistically significant (p<0.05).
Furthermore, the data of hypocholesterolemic activity were analyzed
with Post hoc test and there was a significantly differences between
negative control group with Ezetimibe, first, and second dose of EETL
group (p<0.05). But there was no significantly differences between
Ezetimibe group (p>0.05) all variance of EETL groups.
The data of antioxidant activity were also analyzed with Post hoc test,
there was a significantly difference between negative control with all
interventional groups (p<0.05). But, there was no significantly
difference between Ezetimibe group with all variance of EETL groups
(p>0.05).
Materials and Methods
Materials in this experiment are :
1. Rat : Sprague-Dawley male Strain, BW = 150-200 g, 2-3 month from
Veterinary faculty of Bogor Agriculture Institute - Indonesia.
2. Tamarind leaves obtained from Herbs and Drugs Reseach Bogor
(Balitro, Bogor-Indonesia) and were extracted with 70% ethanol.
3. Ezetimibe 10 mg
4. Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) 0,1%
5. Cholesterol Kit Reagen (DiaSys)
6. Hypercholesterol feed : Standard rat chow, Boiled yolk sac duck’s eggs,
fluid of goat’s fat, and water [4].
7. Spectofotometer
8. TBARS Assay (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance) : 2.5% trichloroacetic
(TCA) and 1% thiobarbituric acid (TBA) [2]. .
Discussion
Table 1. Hypocholesterolemic and Antioxidant Activity of Tamarind Leaves
(Tamarindus indica) in Hypercholesterol-Fed Rats
Group Mean MDA
(mol/L) Mean Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)
Before
Intervention
After
Intervention
After
Intervention P-Value
Negative Control 107,6 ± 14,43 102 ± 9,43 2,8 ± 0,03 0,524
Ezetimibe 99 ± 5,74 71,6 ± 6,58 1,2 ± 0,26 0,006*
EETL 0,93
g/BW 109,8 ± 11,69 69,4 ± 6,02 1,3306 ± 0,13 0,003*
EETL 1,86
g/BW 103,4 ± 9,96 66,4 ± 10,26 0,8076 ± 0,12 0,001*
EETL 3,73
g/BW 99,8 ± 10,18 79 ± 22,62 1,2616 ± 0,02 0,048*
Values are Mean ± SE for n = 5. *Sig differences at p < 0,05
a p < 0.05 Compared with negative control. b p < 0.05 Compared with positive control
Figure 3. Mechanism of Tamarindus indicca Leaves Vs Ezetimibe –(modified)
25 rats
Induce with hyper-cholesterol feed in 2 weeks
1st Group
Negative control
(CMC 0,1%)
+ Hyper cholest
feed
2nd Group
Ezetimibe 1,26
g/BW +
Hypercholest
feed
3rdGroup
EETL 1st dose
(0,93g/BW) +
Hyper cholest
feed
4th Group
EETL 2nd dose
(1,86 g/BW) +
Hyper cholest
feed
5th Group
EETL 3rd dose
(3,73 g/BW ) +
Hyper cholest
feed
_______________________ For 2 weeks_____________________
Figure 1. Experiment Methods
On 29th day, fasting blood samples were collected from caudalis’ veins rats for post test
data and centrifuging at 3,000 rpm for 20 min at 4°C. The serum was examined with
spectofotometer to test total cholesterol and MDA.
On 15th day, fasting blood samples were collected from caudalis’ veins rats for pre test data
of total cholesterol and the serum was examined with spectofotometer
b
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