introduction to wimax (velizy-may 2007) nxpowerlite

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Introduction to WiMAX

WIMAX Network Engineering Training

Ahmed El-Gebaly

PSS & TI / Network Engineering

Weeks 31 & 32, 2007

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20072 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007

Agenda

1. What’s WiMAX

2. WiMAX Market description

3. WiMAX standardization

4. Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Solution

5. WiMAX PHYsical layer description

6. Capacity Calculation

7. MAC layer description

8. MAC layer network procedures

9. Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Product description

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20073 | Introduction to WiMAX| August 2007

1. What’s WiMAX


What’s WiMAX?

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

It is a substitution to fixed line broadband access technologies as ADSL.

And substitutes the cellular technology by mobile VoIP

There are a lot of business models for WiMAX:

• BWA (Broadband Wireless Access) technology for rural areas where no fixed lines are available or very costly

• Coverage of cities with BWA in competition to fixed lines, as an equivalent to WLAN with larger coverage

• Backhauling of WLAN / WiMAX Hot Spots by using the microwave properties of the WiMAX technology

• Broadband 4G mobile technology with mobility up to 120km/h


2. WiMAX Market description


WiMAX marketMarket Drivers

It is going Broadband It is going Wireless

• Increasing demand for multimedia data hungry applications

• Multiple types of usage: professional, entertainment, radio &TV

Broadband Wireless Access

• Access to services everywhere with every terminals

• Means to address copper-less areas

• End-user’s readiness to pay “mobile” premium



VOIP: A strong telecommunication industry trend

High Speed Internet:•Peak rate: 4 Mbps DL, 512 Kbps UL, unlimited volume

Mobile TV:•Few broadcast channels and 100+ unicast channels for unlimited usage.

Mobile Gaming:Full interactivity, low latency for both server-based or peer-to-peer gamers.Leveraging the location+presence+speed info to enhance level of the game



Next Billion users

• Combine BB connectivity and voice enabled services (VoIP)

• Kiosk, residential and nomadic

Enable new mass market Enable new mass market

Convergence on WiMAX 802.16e

Next generation Mobile Broadband users

“End-user is expecting low cost voice and

internet connectivity”

“Operators want to address untapped customer base”

“User is ready to pay premium for a new breed of applications”

“ Operators want to get more value from existing customer base

• Broadband in the pocket (e.g. mobile office, gaming)

• Mobile IPTV in addition to Voice, Data, Video


WiMAX marketDefinition of Services

Fixed Wireless DSL• DSL Services for fix end user location (home, office)

• Indoor or Outdoor CPE (Customer Premise Equipment)

• Main Feature Improvements : NLOS, Indoor Applications and Full Plug & Play Modem

Internet in The Pocket• Main Features Improvements : PCMCIA and embedded chipsets

• Nomadicity• User authentication and service authorization across multiple base stations.

• No support for application or session continuity (no handovers/no resources reservation)

• Portability• User authentication and service authorization across multiple radio access

technology

• Supports session continuity (no real time applications)

• Reservation of resources in nomadicity

• Full Mobility• Support for real-time applications such as voice via session continuity.

Wifi

Like


WiMAX marketAccess Systems: WiFi versus WIMAX

WAN

(Internet / Intranet)

NetworkAccessSystem

NetworkAccessSystem

userLAN

user

user

user

userLAN

user

long(er) distances short distances

high capacity medium capacity

QoS mandatory QoS not mandatory

licensed frequency bands unlicensed frequency bands

scheduled access contention based access

IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.11


WiMAX market Access Technology is evolving towards Higher Bandwidth

ADSL, ADSL2plus

Fiber

GSM/GPRS

Mobility

Bandwidth

Cable

EDGE

DVB-SSatellite

UMTS

UMTSR5 & R6

WLAN802.11

802.16 WiMAX

CDMA2000 1X

CDMA2000EV-DO

CDMA2000EV-DV

VDSL

Dial-up

DVB-S2Satellite

Beyond 3GAnd 4G


WiMAX market Access convergence

Fixed operators expanding

Mobile operators expanding

Fix

ed

op

era

tors

Mob

ile o

pera

tors

2

1

1

4

DSL

2G/3GEDGE/HSDPA

Fixed On the pause Full Mobile


WiMAX marketCPE prices

2006

50$

2007 2008 2009

100$

150$

200$

250$

Yearly sales (k units)

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

Pricerange

x

x

x

PCMCIA

x

Low Cost CPE

Embedded

Multi-users CPE

Simple CPE

Outdoor CPE

2 phones4 PC

WiFi

1 phone

1 PC


3. WiMAX Standardization


WiMAX standardizationIEEE 802.16

IEEE 802.16IEEE 802.16(Dec. 2001)(Dec. 2001)

IEEE 802.16aIEEE 802.16a(Apr. 2003)(Apr. 2003)

IEEE 802.16-2004IEEE 802.16-2004(July 2004)(July 2004)

IEEE 802.16-2005IEEE 802.16-2005(December 2005)(December 2005)

FWA > 11 GHz

•FWA <11 GHz•OFDM•AAS optional •64QAM optional

Rev.d•UL sub-channeling•AAS definition mechanisms

•BPSK mode

Rev.e•Scalable OFDMA•Smart antenna•IP Mobility (handover)•Power save Mode•MIMO ready

LOS Near LOS Non LOS

Installation required at CPE side (outdoor antenna)

FixedFixed

Outdoor CPE(indoor only proprietary)

FixedFixed

No CPE InstallationNLOS

Improved penetration & coverage

Fixed, Nomadic, MobileFixed, Nomadic, Mobile

20052005

Plug Fest Real tests

20062006

Rev-DRev-D Rev-ERev-E


Main aims• Like WiFi for 802.11• Interoperability (IOT)• Certification• Technical platform• Promotion

Principles• Support IEEE 802.16 standard • Propose and promote access profiles for their IEEE 802.16

standard

WiMAX standardization WiMAX Forum Principles


WiMAX standardization Profiles of the standard

802.16e• SOFDMA• mobility• AAS•……

standard

802.16-2004• OFDM• OFDMA• AAS• TDD• FDD• ……

standard

802.16

standard

802.16a

standard

802.16gstandard

• OFDM• TDD• …

profile x

• mobility• …• AAS

profile y• SOFDMA

Certification lab.

certification&

interoperabilitytests &

procedures


WiMAX standardization Profiles of the standard-Example


WiMAX standardization WiMAX Forum member companies

More than 385 companies among which Equipment/System Suppliers• Main

−Alcatel-Lucent, Siemens-Nokia, ZTE, Motorola, Huawei, Nortel, Cisco, Ericsson, Samsung

• Others−Airspan, Alvarion, Aperto, SR Telecom, WiLAN, Navini, Airnet, Proxim, Redline, Marconi

• Components Suppliers−Intel, Andrew, Analog Devices, Fujitsu, Filtronic, Broadcom

• Operators−France Telecom, Deutsche Telecom, British Telecom, Telenor,

Telefonica, −Korean Telecom !−ATT, PCCW, Qwest, Nextel, Sprint, SBC, Dishnet−Eircom, Euskaltel, Cellcom


WiMAX standardization 802.16 IEEE standard overview in IEEE 802

IEEE 802.15 -Bluetooth

WAN

MAN

LAN

PAN ETSI HiperPAN

IEEE 802.11 -WirelessLAN

ETSI HiperLAN

IEEE 802.16 -WirelessMAN

ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS

IEEE 802.20(proposed)

3GPP, EDGE (GSM)

IEEE 802.15 -Bluetooth

WAN

MAN

LAN

PAN ETSI HiperPAN

IEEE 802.11 -WirelessLAN

ETSI HiperLAN

IEEE 802.16 -WirelessMAN

ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS

IEEE 802.20(proposed)

3GPP, EDGE (GSM)

WRANIEEE 802.22

IEEE 802 : the LAN/MAN Standards Committee

6 Working Groups

• IEEE 802.15−WPAN – Personal

• IEEE 802.11−WLAN - Local

• IEEE 802.16−WMAN - Metropolitan

• IEEE802.20−Wireless Mobility

• IEEE 802.22−WRAN - Regional


WiMAX standardization 16(e) vs. 16(d) profiles

• 16e has more valuable feature set • For real cellular design• More powerful radio features available (e.g. Sub-channelling, CTC, SOFDMA, …)• Common set for better interop.

• Only 16e provides mobility• Handover• Idle mode, Power saving

•16d mandatory feature set is 16a based

• Optional: Sub-channelling, CTC,

STC, AAS …

IO: Interoperable Option (i.e. optional in BS, mandatory in terminal)

FTG(802.16-2004)

MTG(802.16-2005, 802.16e)

PHY layer OFDM 256 SOFDMA

Duplexing FDD/TDD TDD

BW 3.5, 7, (10) MHz 3.5, 5, 7,8.75, 10 MHz

FEC Convolutional CodesConvolutional Turbo Codes

Sub-channeling No Yes

AAS NoYes (IO)

Alcatel day one

MIMO No 2x2 STC and SM (IO)

Mobility No Yes


WiMAX standardization Why 16(e)?

802.16 2004 802.16 e

3 or 4 (depending on spectrum), 1At least 3Frequency reuse

Optional in BS (Alcatel supported feature)

Mandatory in CPE (minor impacts on CPE)

Optional in standard

Not included in profile

Smart antenna

128FFT/1.25MHz ~2048 FFT/20MHz256 FFTScalability

SOFDMAOFDM

(Bandwidth waste for small packets)Modulation

TDDMainly FDD, TDD

(More interoperability cases)

Duplexing mode

Up to 120 Km/hNoMobility

Idle modeNoPower save

Outdoor + Indoor CPEs +

PCMCIA + embedded chipset

Outdoor CPE mainly

Indoor CPE sometimes as 802.16e

CPE

NLOS (Non LOS)

Better Indoor & Cellular coverage

Better Outdoor FWA performance

Near LOS

Optimized for Outdoor

Fixed Wireless access

Coverage

802.16e advantages

Mass market Coverage

Optimized spectrum

Usage

CPE cost

Interference reduction

Evolution

Simpler interoperability

More CPEselection

Mobility

IOT enabler


WiMAX standardization Why 16(e)? (2)

802.16e

SOFDMAMultiple access OFDM

=improvedRange

SOFDMAScalable OFDM

=improvedThroughput

Handover

=Improved

Mobility

Idle Mode

=Longer

Usage

Always with Advanced Antenna systems


4. Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Solution


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Solutions

A.7387 (W1) based on 16dFixed w-DSL

Near LOS deploymentOutdoor Directive CPE antenna

OFDM256 – FDD

A.9116 (W2) based on 16e

Nomadic / cellular

NLOS deploymentOmni CPE antenna

SOFDMA – TDD


Alcatel-Lucent Standalone solution

OMC-R

WACBS

WiMAX RANWiMAX RAN

Outdoor CPE

Indoor CPE

INTERNETINTERNET

HA

Pure IP Network


802.16e Access Network ArchitectureElements Description

• MSS, SS and CPE: Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS), Subscriber Station (SS) or Customer

Premise Equipment (CPE) all mean the user equipment.

• BS stands for Base Station and controls the air interface between RAN and SS. It implements the physical and MAC layers.

• The WiMAX Access Network Controller (WANC) bundles, controls and concentrates the BSs

network elements.

• The Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC-R) collects:−Performance Counters−Alarms−Network Statistics

• The Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) server is responsible to ensure

the billing and services of the user.

• The Home Agent (HA) is in charge of handling the Mobile IP protocol.


5. PHYsical layer description


WiMAX 802.16-2004 / 802.16e A technical digest

IEEE 802.16d

• PHY Layers−Single Carrier

−OFDM 256

IEEE 802.16e

• PHY layers− Single Carrier

− OFDM 256

− SOFDMA, multiple FFT

− AAS


WiMAX 802.16e PHY IntroductionWhy OFDM?

ISI

Inter Symbol Interference

• Function of

Symbol duration−Delay spread

ISIt

Mobile/NLOS

environment

• Multipath

• High delay spread

t

+

t

High data rates

• Short symbol duration

−Ts = 1/BW

• 16 QAM, 64 QAM, …


WiMAX 802.16e PHY Introduction OFDM - the Basic Idea

OFDM is the right technology to handle multipath:

• Built in guard time to mitigate Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

Tx Rx

symbol #1symbol #1symbol #1t

symbol #1symbol #2

ISI

symbol #1symbol #1symbol #1t

symbol #1

symbol #2

ISI

Guard time is defined to absorb the ISI period


WiMAX 802.16e PHY Introduction Relation between Bandwidth and Symbol duration

• Bandwidth of a carrier and symbol duration are reciprocal

• Wide carrier bandwidth means short symbol time (transmission resource is the frequency – you cannot change physics)

• Narrow carrier means long symbol duration

BandwidthTsymbol

1


symbol #1

symbol #1

symbol #1

symbol #1symbol #1symbol #1

•High data rates imply high symbol rates (Baud rate)

•High symbol rates imply short symbols (in the time domain)

OFDM - the Basic IdeaInter-symbol Interference (ISI)

•Multipath effects

• B receives multiple copies of same symbol, shifted in time

•For same multipath delays, short symbols encounter more significant ISI than long(er) symbols

•To minimize the ISI , and therefore increase resistance to multipath effects (better system operation in multipath generating environments), long symbols should be used in the transmission channel

•But long symbols means low symbol rate (Baud rate) and therefore, low channel capacity . . .

A B

t

symbol #1

symbol #2

symbol #1

symbol #2

t

ISI

ISI


• To increase the overall channel capacity, the symbols will be transmitted as independent streams, carried by multiple carriers

• Multichannel overall capacity remains, since longer symbol duration is compensated by more carriers (relation between bandwidth and symbol time)

OFDM - the basic ideaFrequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

t

symbol #1 symbol #5 symbol #9 symbol #13

t


t


t


on frequency #1

on frequency #2

on frequency #3

on frequency #4

One broad carrier

1 2 43 5 6 87 9 10 1211 13 14 1615

t


WiMAX 802.16e PHY Introduction Comparison GSM - OFDM

f f

BW allBW all

BW carrier

Overall spectrum 200 kHz 200 kHz

Carrier bandwidth 200 kHz 50 kHz

Symbol duration 5 µs 20 µs

Symbols per carrier 1 1

Parallel transmitted symbols 1 4

Symbols transmitted in 1 sec. 200 k 200 k

GSMGSMNarrowban

dNarrowban

d


• The spectrum of the FDM signal is the superposition of channel spectra

• As channel spectra have components on ALL the frequencies, Inter-Channel Interference (ICI) occurs, affecting the energies present on the carrier frequencies

OFDM - the basic ideaInter-channel Interference (ICI)

To minimize ICI, carriers have to be located well apart in the frequency domain, which implies low spectral efficiency . . .

f f

The RED carrier encounters ICI from both the BLUE and the BROWN carriers


OFDM - the basic ideaTime Domain / Frequency Domain useful Fourier transforms

sin t

sin t +

sin 2t2

Signal

(time domain)

Graphic representation(time domain)

t

t

t

t

Mathematicalrepresentation

Signal

(frequency

domain)

T

T

A

ff

A

ff 2f

Fourier series components

Fourier Transform (FT)

Inverse Fourier transform (IFT)



Signal

(time domain)


t

t

t


Signal

(frequency

domain)

T

T

A

ff

A

f




3f 5f

sin t +

sin 3t3

+

sin 5t5

••1T

2T

envelope

sin xx



Signal

(time domain)


t


Signal

(frequency

domain)

T

A

f




••1T

2T

envelope

sin(x-fc)x-fc

fc fc


f

•To increase spectral efficiency, the carriers will be selected so that each carrier frequency will not encounter any influence from any other channels spectra

•The spectrum of each channel has to have null points (zero crossing) at the frequencies of ALL the other carriers used in the system

OFDM - the basic ideaOrthogonal FDM (OFDM)

OFDM allows high density of carriers, without generating ICI

f

f=1/Tb


OFDM - the basic ideaSummary

3 Problems & 3 Solutions

Cyclic Prefix (increase symbol duration) but still low channel capacity

TX in parallel over different subcarriers But ICI

Orthogonality by FFT

ISI

Channel Capacity

ICI


with Cyclic Prefix

t

w/o Cyclic Prefixt

OFDM - the basic ideaCyclic prefix

• CP protects against ISI• CP used for synchronisation (guaranted by orthogonality)• CP reduces Inter Channel Interference (subcarriers orthogonality maintained)

copypaste

CP

No ISI

ISI No ISI


OFDM - the basic ideaOFDM symbol (Time Domain)

IFFT creates the OFDM waveform useful symbol time Tb

A copy of last Tg of useful symbol CP (Cyclic Prefix)

• Overcome multi-path while maintaining orthogonality

• Tolerance for symbol time synchronisation

• Tg depends on the environment

Useful symbol timeUseful symbol timeCPCP

Tg Tb

Ts


OFDM - the basic ideaOFDM principle

Seri

al to

para

llel

Modulator

~ f1

Modulator

~ f2

Modulator

~ f3

+

• High data rate

• Short bit duration

• Lower data rate

• Longer symbol duration

• fn=n.Df

• Orthogonal subcarriers

Ts = 1/BW

Ts_FDM = N / BW

Ts = Ts_FDM / N


QP

SK

/QA

Md

e-m

ap

pin

g

Seri

al to

para

llel

FFT

Para

llel

to s

eri

al

removecyclic prefix

OFDM - the basic ideaOFDM implementation

Complex OFDM baseband system

Data generator Q

PS

K/

QA

Mm

ap

pi n

g

Seri

al to

para

llel

IFFT

Para

llel

to s

eri

al

add cyclic prefix

Channel


OFDM - the basic ideaOFDM Advantages / challenges

• Bandwidth spectral efficiency

• Frequency diversity: Tolerant to• Frequency selective fading,

• Narrow band interferences

• Signal processing made digitally in the frequency domain• iFFT/FFT

• Simple implementation

• Flexibility• Adaptive bit loading

• OFDMA / SOFDMA

• Peak to average ratio

• Multiple Access unavailability.

• Mobility (Doppler Shift)• Keep sub-channels orthogonal

Advantages Challenges


WiMAX 802.16e PHYThe “Real” WiMAX

Features all the goodies of 802.16d

SOFDMA: OFDM modulation is also used for Multiple Access

SOFDMA: Scalable OFDM for improved efficiency with large BW

++


WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDM vs. OFDMA

OFDMA: OFDM modulation is also used for Multiple Access

Additional flexibility in resource allocation (optimal allocation of time / frequency blocks vs. service, …)

Range extension in DL and UL

Pilot for each allocation blocksFC

HFC

H

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

DL part UL part

Pre

am

ble

DL

Pre

am

ble

DL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

FCH

FCH

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

DL part UL part

Pre

am

ble

DL

Pre

am

ble

DL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

UL

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

DL part UL part

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

Pre

am

ble

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

DL part UL part

OFDM

OFDMA


WiMAX 802.16e PHYOFDM vs. SOFDMA

SOFDMA: Scalable OFDM

• Higher number of sub-carriers provides higher flexibility / capacity

• Number of FFT points can adapt to channel bandwidth • Similar robustness to multi-path for different bandwidth

• Same range when bandwidth is increased

x2x2

BW

2xBW 2xBW

==

BWOFDM SOFDMA


WiMAX 802.16e PHYOFDMA signal

Data SubcarriersData Subcarriers Pilot SubcarriersPilot SubcarriersDC Subcarrier

Guard band Guard band

OFDMOFDM

SOFDMASOFDMA

* In ODFMA, NFFT may be determined by the SS

The following parameters are used for the OFDM waveform:

• NFFT : number of FFT points: 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048 *• Nused: number of subcarriers used for transmission (pilot and

data)• Sampling frequency: FS = floor (n.BW/8000) x 8000 (BW in Hz)• Sub-carrier spacing: f = FS / NFFT

• Useful symbol time : Tb=1/ f• CP time: Tg = G x Tb • OFDM symbol time: TS=Tb+Tg


WiMAX 802.16e PHYOFDMA PHY Parameters

Parameter

Variable: depends on FFT size and subchanneling mode (FUSC, PUSC, …)Nb of data subcarriers

Variable: depends on FFT size and subchanneling mode (FUSC, PUSC, …)Nb of pilot sub-carriers

Variable: depends on FFT size and subchanneling mode (FUSC, PUSC, …)

Nb of higher frequency guard sub-carriers

Variable: depends on FFT size and subchanneling mode (FUSC, PUSC, …)

Nb of lower frequency guard sub-carriers

1/4; 1/8; 1/16; 1/32G

28/25 or 8/7 n

Variable: depends on FFT size and subchanneling mode (FUSC, PUSC, …)NUSED

Variable 2048, 1024, 512, 128NFFT

Value


WiMAX 802.16e PHYChannel Description

4 Types of subcarriers:

Data Subcarriers: Used for data transmission

Guard Subcarriers: Allow the signal to naturally decay

Pilot Subcarriers: Used for channel estimation

DC Subcarrier: Center frequency of the channel (not modulated)


WiMAX 802.16e PHYSOFDMA - Number of symbols per frame (1/2)

Increase bandwidth and FFT size

• Same OFDM symbol duration

• Same Guard time (same robustness)

• Same number of symbols per frame

• Same radio throughput, with the same radio protection

Bandwidth 3,5 MHz 7 MHz

FFT size 512 1024

Useful symbol time Tb

128 µs 128 µs

G 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4

Gard Time Tg 4 µs 8 µs 16 µs 32 µs 4 µs 8 µs 16 µs 32 µs

OFDMA Symbol Time: Ts

132 µs

136 µs

144 µs

160 µs 132 µs136 µs

144 µs

160 µs

5 ms frame size 37 36 34 31 37 36 34 31

10 ms frame size 75 73 69 62 75 73 69 62

20 ms frame size 151 147 138 125 151 147 138 125


WiMAX 802.16e PHYSOFDMA - Number of symbols per frame (2/2)

Bandwidth 5 MHz 10 MHz

FFT size 512 1024

Useful symbol time Tb

89,6 µs 89,6 µs

G 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4

Guard Time Tg 2,8 µs 5,6 µs11,2 µs

22,4 µs

2,8 µs 5,6 µs11,2 µs

22,4 µs

OFDMA Symbol Time: Ts

92,4 µs

95,2 µs

111 µs 112 µs92,4 µs

95,2 µs

111 µs 112 µs

5 ms frame size 54 52 49 44 54 52 49 44

10 ms frame size 108 105 99 89 108 105 99 89

20 ms frame size 216 210 198 178 216 210 198 178Increase bandwidth and FFT size

• Same OFDM symbol duration

• Same Guard time (same robustness)

• Same number of symbols per frame

• Same radio throughput, with the same radio protection


WiMAX 802.16e PHY SOFDMA – Summary

• Robustness to multipath

System Channel FFT Size Tb TG TS

802.16e5 MHz 512 89,64 µs 11,2 µs 100,84 µs

10 MHz 1024 89,64 µs 11,2 µs 100,84 µsx2x2 ==

• Trade off coverage/throughput

B MHz

2xB MHz

x 2Throughput

Link Budget =16e SOFDMAChannel

BandwidthFFT size

3,5 MHz 512

5 MHz 512

7 MHz 1024

10 MHz 1024


• Subchanneling mode controls the mapping of the physical resources – the sub carriers – to the logical resources – the sub channels of an OFDMA frame

• Permutation mechanism is designed to minimize the probability of hits between adjacent sectors/cells by reusing subcarriers, while frequency diversity minimizes performance degradation due to fast fading characteristics of mobile environments.

• Permutation schemes divided into:• Full and partial subchannel usage modes• Distributed (Use the full spectral diversity of subcarriers) and adjacent permutations (assign adjacent sub carriers to a subchannel)• Uplink and Downlink modes

• Some examples of distributed permutation

• FUSC (Fully Used SubChannelisation); all sub carriers can be assigned to each subchannels. It gets all the benefit from spectral diversity

• PUSC (Partially Used SubChannelisation); Channel is divided into three segments at max. It still benefits from spectral diversity with respect of segmentation.

WiMAX 802.16e PHY Subchanneling / Permutation


WiMAX 802.16e PHY SOFDMA: Permutation concept

f

Red carriers form one logical subchannel

Blue carriers form one logical subchannel

PUSC (distributed)

f

Red carriers form one logical subchannel

Blue carriers form one logical subchannel

Yellow carriers form one logical subchannel

AMC (adjacent)

Subchanneling defines the mapping of subcarriers into subchannels, pilot to data and

guard carrier mix!

Subchanneling defines the mapping of subcarriers into subchannels, pilot to data and

guard carrier mix!

Slot:It is the minimum resource size assigned to a connection in the time domain.


WiMAX 802.16e PHYOFDMA Downlink Subcarrier allocation

DL PUSCPartial usage of sub-channel•Distributed permutation

•The symbol is first divided into ‘basic clusters’ and DC carriers are allocated

•Pilot and data carriers are allocated within each cluster

FFT Size 2048 1024 512 128

DC sub-carrier 1 1 1 1

Guard sub-carrier (left) 184 92 46 22

Guard sub-carrier (right) 183 91 45 21

Nused 1681 841 421 85

Data subcarriers (total) 1440 720 360 72

Carriers / cluster 14 14 14 14

Clusters 120 60 30 6

Carriers / subchannel 24 24 24 24

Subchannels 60 30 15 3

Odd Symbols

Even Symbols

Data carrier

Pilot carrier

14 subcarriers

FrequencyFrequency

Tim

eTim

e

Cluster

•1 cluster = 14 subcarriers / 1 OFDM time symbols •1 subchannel = 2 clusters / 2 OFDMA time symbols•1 slot = 2 subchannels x 2 OFDMA time symbols

DL PUSC: Allocation vs. FFT size

1 Slot=


WiMAX 802.16eOFDMA Downlink Subcarrier allocation (2)

UL PUSC One uplink PUSC slot = 1 sub-channel x 3 OFDMA symbols

= 48 data sub-carriers and 24 fixed-locations pilots

= 6 tiles of 4 pilot sub-carriers and 8 data sub-carriers

Possibility to divide into 3 segments

•Concatenation of 2, 3 or 6 slots

Data carrier

Pilot carrier Freq

uen

cyFr

eq

uen

cy

TimeTime

One Tile

FFT Size 2048 1024 512 128




Nused 1681 841 409 97

Data subcarriers (total) 1120 560 272 64

Subchannels 70 35 17 4

Carriers / UL PUSC slot 72 72 72 72

Tiles 420 210 102 24

Tiles per subchannel 6 6 6 6

UL PUSC: Structure vs. FFT size

1 Slot=

•1 Tile = 12 subcarriers * 3 OFDMA time symbols •1 slot= 1 subchannel = 6 tiles * 3 OFDMA time symbol


WiMAX 802.16eOFDMA Downlink Subcarrier allocation (3)

UL/DL AMCSame permutation for uplink and downlink

Adjacent allocation of sub-carriers within a subchannel•A bin = 9 adjacent subcarriers ( 8 data, 1 pilot)•Fixed pilot position

•Types of subchannel = N(bin)xM(symbols) (with NxM=6)

Regular AMC allocation uses the subchannel type 2x3•6 contiguous bins during 2 bins in frequency and 3 symbols in time•1subchannel = 48 data carriers + 6 pilots

Fre

qu

en

cy

Fre

qu

en

cy

Data carrier

Pilot carrier

One bin

t

f

1 Subchannel=

FFT Size 2048 1024 512 128




Nused 1729 865 433 109

Pilots 192 96 48 12

Data subcarriers 1536 768 384 96

Bands 48 24 12 3

Bins / band 4 4 4 4

Data carrier / subchannel 48 48 48 48

AMC: Structure vs. FFT size

AMC is optional and is mainly used

with AAS systems


WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Channel Coding: Process

Channel coding process for regular and repetition coding transmissionChannel coding process for regular and repetition coding transmission

Repetition should only be applied to QPSK modulation

Data to transmiton sub-channel

Data to transmiton sub-channel

Symbols to map

on sub-channel

Symbols to map

on sub-channel


WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Channel Coding: Randomization

Performed on all data transmitted on UL and DL except the FCH and Preambles

Randomizer initialized on each FEC block (data in)

Data byte to be transmitted, entered sequentially into randomizer, MSB first.

Randomization bits, combined in an XOR operation with serialized bit stream of each FEC

block (data in), as shown in figure below

Pseudo Random Bits Sequence (PRBS) generator: 1+X14+X15

Initialization vector: [LSB] 011011100010101[MSB]

151413121110987654321

LSB MSB

Data in Data out

XOR

XOR

PRBS generator for data randomization


WiMAX 802.16e PHYOFDMA Channel Coding: Randomization(2)

b0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9b10b11b12b13b14

0001110110 10101LSB MSB LSB MSB

LSB MSB

Creation of the OFDMA randomizer initialization vector


Rate 1/2 2/3 3/4

X 1 10 101

Y 1 11 110

XY X1Y1 X1Y1Y2 X1Y1Y2X3

WiMAX 802.16e PHYChannel Coding: CC with puncturing

Mother code: rate ½

Puncturing generates several coding rates out of one convolutional coder by sparing out redundancy bits

Convolutional encoder rate 1/2Convolutional encoder rate 1/2

Puncturing patternsPuncturing patterns

Rate = net bits / gross bitsRate = net bits / gross bits


WiMAX 802.16e PHYChannel Coding: CTC (1/2)

Mainly used with H-ARQ• Input bits are fed alternatively to A and B, starting with the MSB of

the first byte being fed to A

• Step1: the encoder is fed the sequence in the natural order (switch in position 1).It’s the C1 encoding

• Step2: the encoder is fed the interleaved sequence (switch in position2). It’s the C2 encoding

• CTC interleaver principle differs from the one described later on…

CTCinterleaver

CTCinterleaver

Constituentencoder

Constituentencoder

AB

1

2

C1

C2

Y1

Y2

Switch

W2

W1


WiMAX 802.16e PHYChannel Coding: CTC (2/2)

The polynomials for the register inputs X and parity outputs Y , W are as followed

• Feedback branch X: 1 + D + D3 • Y parity bit: 1 + D2 + D3 • W parity bit: 1 + D3

CTC constituent encoder


WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Bit Interleaving

Block interleaving

• block size = number of encoded bits of block

Two step permutation

• Adjacent coded bits are mapped onto non adjacent subcarriers

• Adjacent coded bits are alternatively mapped on LSB / MSB of the constellation

To avoid long runs of lowly reliable bits


WiMAX 802.16e PHY Modulation Techniques /Introduction

Data modulation:

After interleaving, data bits are entered serially in the constellation mapper

Modulations supported: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM.

Constellation mapped data should be subsequently modulated onto all allocated

data subcarriers

Pilot modulation:

Pilot subcarriers should be inserted into each data burst to constitute the

symbol


•Symbol is a sinusoidal signal (carrier) with specific parameters dictated by the data bit(s), transmitted for a finite period of time

•Carrier parameters do not change for the duration of the symbol

•Even if the symbol itself is comprised of one single frequency (the carrier), the fact that it is transmitted over a finite period of time generates an infinite spectrum, centered on the carrier frequency

Unmodulated carrier

Modulated carrier (symbols)

Time domain Frequency domain

A

ffc

A

f••1T

2T

fc

WiMAX 802.16e PHY Modulation Techniques / Symbol


•2 QAM (BPSK)•Two symbols are defined (1 amplitude; 2 phases)

•Every symbol transmitted over the transmission channel represents (carries) 1 message bit

•Baud rate = bit rate•Transmission channels limited bandwidth limits the amount of symbols per second (Baud rate) that can be transmitted

•To increase the bit per sec (bps) capacity of a channel, while keeping the Baud rate at the low values imposed by the channel bandwidth, the symbols will carry (represent) more than one single bit. Symbols will represent n-bits, increasing the channel capacity by a factor of n

•The price paid is the presence of multiple symbols in the channel, increasing the probability of incorrect symbol identification at the receiver

Q

I-1 +1

0 1

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Modulations (1/3)


modulation technique

nu

mb

er

of

sym

bols

nu

mb

er

of

bit

s

per

sym

bol

bit

rate

/ B

au

d

rate

number of

am

plitu

des

ph

ases

constellation

generated using

nr.

of

cosin

e

am

plitu

des

nr.

of

sin

e

am

plitu

des

2QAM (BPSK)

12 1/1 1 2

Q

I-1 +1

0 12

(1 bit)0

4QAM (QPSK)

24 2/1 1 42

(1 bit)

2

(1 bit)

01 11

00 10

Q

I-1 +1+1

-1

16QAM 416 4/1 3 124

(2 bits)

4

(2 bits)

not all combinations

are used

0010 0110 1110 1010

0011 0111 1111 1011

0011 0101 1101 1001

0000 0100 1100 1000

Q

I-1-3 +3+1

+3

+1

-1

-3



modulation technique

nu

mb

er

of

sym

bols

nu

mb

er

of

bit

s

per

sym

bol

bit

rate

/ B

au

d

rate

number of

am

plitu

des

ph

ases

constellation

generated using

nr.

of

cosin

e

am

plitu

des

nr.

of

sin

e

am

plitu

des

64QAM 664 6/1 9 528

(3 bits)

8

(3 bits)

not all combinations

are used

000101 001101 011101 010101 110101 111101 101101 100101

000111 001111 011111 010111 110111 111111 101111 100111

000110 001110 011110 010110 110110 111110 101110 100110

000010 001010 011010 010010 110010 111010 101010 100010

000011 001011 011011 010011 110011 111011 101011 100011

000001 001001 011001 010001 110001 111001 101001 100001

000000 001000 011000 010000 110000 111000 101000 100000

000100 001100 011100 010100 110100 111100 101100 100100

Q

I-1-3-5-7 +7+5+3+1

+3

+5

+7

+1

-1

-3

-5

-7



WiMAX 802.16e PHY BS time synchronization

• It is recommended that all BSs be time synchronized to a common timing signal

• The synchronizing reference should be a 1 pps timing pulse and a 10 MHz frequency reference, typically provided by a GPS receiver.

• If loss of network timing signal, BSs should continue to operate and should automatically resynchronize to the network timing signal when it is recovered.


WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Frame structure

802.16e OFDMA TDD

subchannellogicalnumber

DL ULTTG RTG

Preamble

DL-MAP

FCH

DL Burst#1

DL Burst#3

UL Burst#2

UL Burst#1

UL Burst#4

Preamble

DL-MAP

FCH

DL Burst#4

#6 #7 #8 #9 ..... ..... #23 #24 #25 #26#2 #3 #4 #5#1#0 #27 #28 #29 #30 ..... ..... #45 #46 #47 #2 #3 #4#1#0

DL Burst#2

DL Burst#5

DL Burst#7

ULMAP

compressed

DL/UL

sub-

map

DL-MAP

FCH

compressed

DL/UL

sub

-

map

#1

compressed

DL/UL

sub-

map

#2

RangingSub-channel

UL Burst#7

UL Burst#6

UL Burst#9

1

2

3

14

15

13

.

.

.

.

.

.

1

2

3

16

17

15

.

.

.

.

.

.

DL AAS-Zone(TUSC)

UL AAS-Zone(PUSC)

DL Burst#6

UL Burst#3 UL Burst#8

DL PUSC Zone UL PUSC Zone

ULBurst#5

ULBurst#10

AASRang.Sub-chan.

Typically 50 or 100 µs


WiMAX 802.16e PHY General concepts

Each frame is in the dimension of milliseconds

Every DL frame opens with a Preamble for Synchronization and is followed by

channel and frame descriptions in FCH, DL_MAP and UL_MAP

The MAPs indicate the activity to be executed by BS and SS during the “frame”

• Preamble: Used as a synchronization and equalization tool. Transmitted on all subchannels always in the first symbol of the frame In case of segmentation, a SS only uses the subchannels belonging to the

dedicated segment Coded in QPSK ½ for reasons of robustness and low sensitivity towards

interference. No UL Preamble


WiMAX 802.16e PHY General concepts (2)

• Frame Control Header (FCH) Transmitted on the first four subchannels directly after the preamble. The FCH determines the length of the downlink MAP (DL_MAP) and is

received by all SSs. Transmitted by QSPK1/2 Allows a CPE to read DL-MAP, UL-MAP, DCD and UCD

• DL MAP indicates: List of Connection Identifiers (CIDs) in each downlink burst (CIDs which BS

will transmit during the following frame). The exact moment in time when the transmission will occur The physical parameters to be used by BS for each CID (modulation type,

FEC coding rate, etc.)(DL Channel Descriptor - DCD) Synchronization information Base Station ID (BSID)


WiMAX 802.16e PHY General concepts (3)

• UL MAP indicates: Beginning of uplink grants per SS – each burst has only one SS in uplink Exact moment in time when the transmission has to occur Type of information to be transmitted during the allocated interval (data,

management, requests to transmit in the next frame, etc.) Physical parameters to be used by each CID when transmitting to BS

(modulation type, FEC coding rate, etc.)(UL Channel Descriptor - UCD)

• Transmission time allocations are based on requests received by BS during

previous frames.

TTG: Transmit Transition Gap between the downlink and the

uplink subframes.

RTG: The Receive Transmit Gap enables the BS to switch from receive

to transmit.


WiMAX 802.16e PHY UL-MAP/DL-MAP Principle

Preamble

FCH

DL-MAP

UL-MAP DL-Data

Preamble

FCH

DL-MAP

UL-MAP DL-Data

Preamble

FCH

DL-MAP

UL-MAP DL-Data

UL-Data

Initial Ranging

UL-Data

Initial Ranging

UL-Data

Initial Ranging

Frame n-1

Frame n+1

Frame n

Frames


WiMAX 802.16e PHY DCD / UCD

DCD (Downlink Channel Descriptor)• Transmitted at periodic interval (not every frame)

• Characteristics of DL physical channel (BS Tx power, radio access, BS max TX power,…)

UCD (Uplink Channel Descriptor)• Transmitted at periodic interval

• Characteristics of UL physical channel

• Ranging and BW requests windows

Crucial for network entry


• Segment subdivision of available OFDMA channels Several segments in DL and UL Each segment contains all MAC management messages One segment is allocated at least a non empty subchannel-group, up to all

subchannels

• IDcell identifies the particular BS segment Define mapping and permutations Coding scheme CDMA codes

WiMAX 802.16e PHY Data mapping 802.16e

Pre

am

ble

FCH

FCH

FCH

MAPMAP

BurstBurst Burst

Burst Burst

MAPBurstBurst

MAP

MAP Burst

Segment 0

Segment 1

Segment 2


6. Capacity Calculations


WiMAX 802.16eCapacity Calculation

Assumptions:

The DL-MAP & UL-MAP will be ignored for simplicity

Since calculations will be done for W2

Then,

BW= 5 MHZ

FFT size= 512

Over sampling factor (n)= 28/25 (WiMAX Forum)

Cyclic prefix (G)= 1/8

RTG = TTG = 60 uSec (RTG is given by WiMAX Forum)


Outputs:

Sampling Frequency: FS = floor (n.BW/8000) x 8000 (BW in Hz) =5.6 MHZ

Carrier Spacing: f = FS / NFFT

=10.9375 KHZ

Useful symbol time : Tb =1/ f =91.429 uSec

Guard period: Tg = G X Tb = 11.429 uSec

Then, total time symbol: Ts= Tb+Tg =102.857 uSec




Then,

No. of Symbols per frame= Frame Duration / Symbol duration (Ts)

= (5000 – 60 – 60)/ 102.857

= 47 Symbols

= 46 Symbols w/o Preamble

Then,

TTG= 5000- (RTG + no. of symbols X symbol duration)

= 105.714 uSec (the new TTG value)



46 Symbols

TTG=105.714 uSec RTG= 60 uSec

Should be divisible by 2 Should be divisible by 3



For TDD ratio 2:1

30 Symbols 15 Symbols



All calculations are on the QPSK with ignoring the coding rate, then:

No. of Subchannels=15

No. of data Subcarriers / Subchannel= 24

Total no. of Subcarriers= 24x15

No. of bits per Symbol= 2

Total no. of bits per time instant= 24x15x2

Total no. of bits per second= 24x15x2x(1000/5)= 144 Kbps

Total no. of bits in DL= 144x30 = 4.32 Mbps


WiMAX 802.16e PHYSOFDMA: Physical layer net bit rate (1/3)

Bandwidth 3.5 MHz 5 MHz

G 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32

BPSK- 1/2 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,9 2,0 2,1

QPSK- 1/2 2,4 2,7 2,8 2,9 3,4 3,8 4,0 4,2

QPSK- 3/4 3,6 4 4,2 4,4 5,1 5,7 6,0 6,2

16QAM -1/2 4,8 5,3 5,6 5,8 6,9 7,6 8,1 8,3

16QAM -3/4 7,2 8 8,5 8,7 10,3 11,4 12,1 12,5

64QAM -2/3 9,6 10,7 11,3 11,6 13,7 15,2 16,1 16,6

64QAM -3/4 10,8 12 12,7 13,1 15,4 17,1 18,1 18,7

Channel code rate taken into account / MAC overhead needs to be removedNet throughput is shared by all users in the sector and in UL/DL (TDD mode)

* DL: FUSC, OFUSC, AAS/AMC ; UL: OPUSC, AAS/AMC* DL: FUSC, OFUSC, AAS/AMC ; UL: OPUSC, AAS/AMC

Radio net throughput (*) in Mbps


WiMAX 802.16e PHY SOFDMA: Physical layer net bit rate (2/3)


G 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32

BPSK- 1/2 2,4 2,67 2,82 2,91 3,43 3,81 4,03 4,15

QPSK- 1/2 4,8 5,33 5,65 5,82 6,85 7,62 8,06 8,31

QPSK- 3/4 7,2 8 8,47 8,73 10,28 11,42 12,1 12,46

16QAM -1/2 9,6 10,67 11,29 11,64 13,71 15,23 16,13 16,62

16QAM -3/4 14,4 16 16,94 17,46 20,56 22,85 24,19 24,93

64QAM -2/3 19,2 21,63 22,59 23,27 27,42 30,46 32,26 33,23

64QAM -3/4 21,6 24 25,41 26,18 30,85 34,27 36,29 37,39

* DL: FUSC, OFUSC, AAS/AMC ; UL: OPUSC, AAS/AMC* DL: FUSC, OFUSC, AAS/AMC ; UL: OPUSC, AAS/AMC

Channel code rate taken into account / MAC overhead needs to be removedNet throughput is shared by all users in the sector and in UL/DL (TDD mode)

Radio net throughput (*) in Mbps




G 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32

BPSK- 1/2 1,75 1,94 2,06 2,12 2,50 2,77 2,94 3,03

QPSK- 1/2 3,5 3,89 4,12 4,24 5,00 5,55 5,88 6,06

QPSK- 3/4 5,25 5,83 6,18 6,36 7,50 8,33 8,82 9,09

16QAM -1/2 7 7,79 8,24 8,49 10,00 11,11 11,76 12,12

16QAM -3/4 10,5 11,67 12,35 12,73 14,99 16,66 17,64 18,18

64QAM -2/3 14 15,57 16,47 16,97 19,99 22,21 23,52 24,23

64QAM -3/4 15,75 17,5 18,53 19,01 22,49 24,99 26,46 27,26

*** UL: PUSC*** UL: PUSC

Radio net throughput (***) in Mbps



ExerciseAnswer the Questions

1. What’s the reason of the high rates in WiMAX

2. QAM16 & QAM64 (Advantages and disadvantages)

3. What are the main disadvantages of FDM and how does it eliminated in OFDM

4. What are the improvements that made OFDM an excellent choice for radio transmission

5. What is the role of cyclic prefix

6. How is multiple access done in OFDMA

7. What is Scalability, and what are its advantages

8. What are the subcarrier types defined for a channel

9. What is the role of permutation schemes

10. What is the role of MAP messages


7. MAC Layer description


WiMAX MAC Layer Reference Model / SSCS

SSCS = Service Specific Convergence Sublayer

Resides on top of the MAC CPS

Utilizes the services provided by the MAC CPS via the

MAC SAP

Functions:

Accepts and classifies higher-layer PDUs

Processes higher-layer PDUs according to the

classification

Delivers/receives CS PDUs to/from the appropriate MAC

SAP


WiMAX MAC LayerClassification

MAC SDUs encapsulate higher-layer PDUs which are classified and associated to a

connection

Classification = process by which a MAC SDU is mapped onto a particular connection for

transmission.

Classification facilitates the transmission of MAC SDUs with the

appropriate QoS constraints

It consists of some protocol-specific packet matching criteria (destination

IP address, for example), a classifier priority, and a reference to a CID


WiMAX MAC layer Classification function (DL)

Every MAC SDU is mapped onto a particular connection for transmission (CID) between MAC peers


WiMAX MAC layer Classification function (UL)

The process of classification facilitates the PHS process


WiMAX MAC layer Packet Header Suppression (PHS)

• Optional feature ATM PHS (identify VPI/VCI with CID) Packet PHS (see below)

• Helpful with small packets (VoIP, ATM, …)

DataUpper layer header

Classify packet with header suppression rules

Rule# Rule1 If IP: 192.0.0.1, remove IP address2 If VLAN 3, remove VLAN tag3 If VoIP IP+UDP+RTP towards user

n, remove header… …

256 Max number of rules

If rule append PHSI (8 bits, index the rule)

PHSI Data

MAC SDU

Transmission

PHSI

Upper layer header

Add missing part with the indexed rule

RX Site


MAC Common Sublayer


MPDU = MAC Protocol Data Unit• The data unit exchanged between the MAC layers of the base station and

the subscriber station

• The MPDU contains: Fixed length Header Variable length Payload CRC (only one per burst)

• Each DL burst contains a number of MPDUs equals the number of connection in this burst.

• Only one MPDU in the UL burst. CRC

MPDU Structure

Burst Structure

WiMAX MAC layerMAC PDU

Payload

Payload

Payload

Payload

MAC Header

MAC Header

MAC Header

MAC Header

CRC

CRC


MSDU= MAC Service Data Unit• The Ethernet packet that is classified to a proper MAC

connection (i.e. packets coming from higher layers).• The payload of each MPDU can contain one of the

following: A number of packed MSDUs. A single MSDU. A fragment of a single MSDU.

WiMAX MAC layerMAC SDU / Fragmentation & Packing

The purpose of Fragmentation and Packing is to carry traffic more efficiently over the MAC

connection (i.e. air interface).

Before being transmitted, each MAC SDU may be • packed – packet gathered with other MSDUs into a larger packet

• fragmented -packet cut into smaller packets

• Remain as it is.


Packing is concatenating MSDUs into a single payload of an MPDU

Reducing overhead by eliminating the need for a full MAC Header for each MAC SDU transmitted.

Packing Sub Header (PSH) is added before each MSDU in the MPDU.

The PSH includes a Length field that specifies the length of the following MSDU.

MSDU

MSDU MACHeader

PSH MSDU PSH MSDU PSH

MSDU MSDU

MPDU

X bytes Y bytes Z bytes

LEN=X LEN=Y LEN=Z

WiMAX MAC layer Fragmentation & Packing

Packing


• In order to utilize the allocated transmission opportunity efficiently, a MAC SDU may be fragmented and transmitted in separate MAC PDUs, which may be transmitted in different frames. • A Fragmentation Sub Header is added before each MAC SDU fragment.• A Packing Sub Header (PSH) is added before each MAC SDU if more than one fragment

are packed in the same PDU.• The PSH includes a fragmentation control (FC) field that determines that the MSDU fragmented and also specify if the fragmented MSDU is in the beginning, middle or end of the original MSDU

MSDU

MSDU fragments

MACHeader

PSH MSDU fragment

MACHeader

FSH MSDU frag

MACHeader

PSH

MPDU MPDU MPDU

Un-fragmented MSDU

FC=10 FC=11 FC=01

WiMAX MAC layerFragmentation & Packing

Fragmentation


Field Size, bits

Notes

FC 2

Fragmentation Control

Indicates the fragmentation state of the payload:

00 = no fragmentation

01 = last fragment

10 = first fragment

11 = continuing (middle) fragment

Length 11 The length in bytes of the MAC SDU or MAC SDU fragment, including the three-byte Packing sub-header

BSN 11 Block sequential number for the first ARQ block in the MAC SDU or MAC SDU fragment

Packing Sub-Header (PSH) Structure

WiMAX MAC layer Fragmentation & Packing

PSH Structure


WiMAX MAC layer MAC Header Description (Generic UL/DL)

MAC Header6 Bytes

MAC Payload (optional) CRC (optional)

Type (6)

EC

(1)

HT (1

)

ESF(1

) C

I (1)

EKS (2)

RSV

(1)

LEN MSB (3)

LEN LSB (8) CID MSB (8)

CID LSB (8) HCS (8)

bit#5 Mesh subheader#4 ARQ feeback payload#3 Extended Packing or fragmentation

subheaders#2 Fragmentation subheader#1 Packing subheader#0 DL: Fast feedback allocation

subheaderUL: Grant management subheader

Data / Management (DL/UL)

CI CRC indicatorCID Connection identifierEC Payload encryption controlEKS Encryption key sequenceHCS Header check sequenceHT header typeLEN Length in bytes of the MAC PDUType special payload typesESF Extended subheader


WiMAX MAC layer MAC Header Description(2)

Management (UL)

No Payload


Background communications (FTP, email etc).

t Max sustained traffic rate t Traffic priority

BE (Best Effort)

High speed internet access with guaranteed BW (e.g. 512 kbps Internet access).

cMin traffic ratecMax sustained traffic rate cTraffic priority

NRT-VR (Non-Real Time variable rate)

VoIP with silence suppression, streaming, gaming (Similar to VBR in ATM)

aMin traffic rateaMax sustained traffic rate aMax latencyaTraffic priority

RT-VR (Real Time Variable Rate)

VoIP without silence suppression, Circuit emulation. (Similar to CBR in ATM)

mTraffic ratemMax latency mTolerated jitter

UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service)

Example of applicationsQoS parameterData delivery services

Background communications (FTP, email etc).

t Max sustained traffic rate t Traffic priority

BE (Best Effort)

High speed internet access with guaranteed BW (e.g. 512 kbps Internet access).

cMin traffic ratecMax sustained traffic rate cTraffic priority

NRT-VR (Non-Real Time variable rate)

VoIP with silence suppression, streaming, gaming (Similar to VBR in ATM)

aMin traffic rateaMax sustained traffic rate aMax latencyaTraffic priority

RT-VR (Real Time Variable Rate)

VoIP without silence suppression, Circuit emulation. (Similar to CBR in ATM)

mTraffic ratemMax latency mTolerated jitter

UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service)

Example of applicationsQoS parameterData delivery services

WiMAX MAC layer Quality of Service – Radio Interface

SF is a MAC layer connection defined by

• QoS parameters values

• A medium access scheduling mechanism (UL & DL)

BTS

MS

Service flows end points

Service flow types

BE data services only are supported by W2 and UGS will be supported starting W2.1


WiMAX MAC layer Quality of Service – SF types

Pre-Provisioned:Well suited for initial deployment

Subscription defines a list of fully defined service flows

No flexibility (no other SF than those pre-defined)

Simpler charging/ billing system

Dynamically created SF:Future deployments

Subscription defines as envelope of QoS parameters

Flexibility allowed Any service flow within the envelope can be used

Sophisticated charging/ billing system is used


Introduction:

The ARQ allows detection of the transmission failures and retransmission of the lost packets.

Optional, Can be enabled/disabled per BS.

ACK piggybacked or Stand Alone, Maximum window size 1024

WiMAX MAC layer Radio Link Control / Automatic Repeat reQuest


MAC Header

PSH PSH1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

BSN=1 BSN=9

9 10

11

12

13

14

15

Last ARQ block can be smaller than

256

MAC Header

PSH 16

BSN=16

17 18 19 20 21 22

MSDU MSDU

23

MSDU

MPDU n

MPDU n+1

WiMAX MAC layer ARQ / Transmitter mechanism

Each MSDU is divided into ARQ blocks of 256 bytes (for the ARQ calculations)

The transmitter marks each MSDU with a serial number, in the BSN field in the Packing

Sub Header (PSH).

This serial number is corresponding to the Serial Nr. of first ARQ block in the MSDU.


• The TX Window defines the number of blocks to be transmitted (=256 blocks).

• The transmitter is expecting to receive an acknowledgment for the transmitted

blocks within the TX Window.

• The TX Window is advanced according to the number of the block that were already

acknowledged.

• Unacknowledged block will be retransmitted.

Tx Window

Transmitted blocks not acknowledge

Acknowledged blocks Outstanding blocks

Potential blocks to be transmitted

WiMAX MAC layer ARQ / Transmitter mechanism


• The acknowledgement is done accumulatively.

• The receiver collects the blocks and sends ARQ feedback (acknowledgement) to the transmitter.

• The feedback is sent to the transmitter in first opportunity.

• The acknowledgement is related to the whole group of blocks that were received correctly since last ARQ feedback (in this case the feedback will include the Serial Nr. of the last block).

• The Rx window is advanced to the first un-received block.

Rx Window

Un-received blocks

Received and acknowledged blocks

Received blocks not ACKLast ACK

Outstanding blocks

WiMAX MAC layer ARQ / Receiver mechanism


Transmitter sends blocks 200-205.

Receiver receives blocks 200-205.

Tx Window

Sent blocks 200-205 (no ACK)


Transmitter

Rx Window

Last ACK block=199

Received blocks 200-205

Receiver

Acknowledged blocks

WiMAX MAC layer ARQ / Example (1/3)


Receiver sends ACK for 205

RX window is advanced to block 206.

Tx Window

Sent blocks 200-205 (no ACK)


Transmitter

Rx Window

Last ACK block=205


Receiver

Acknowledged blocks



Tx window is advanced to 206

Tx Window

Sent blocks 200-205 (ACK)


Transmitter

Rx Window

Last ACK block=205


Receiver

Acknowledged blocks

206



WiMAX MAC layer Radio Link Control / Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)

• HARQ is based on pre-emptive redundancy coding

• Data is encoded and split into 4 or more sub packets

• Each packet holds redundancy

• Only one packet is sent first -> might be possible for RX side to decode packet already fully

• If possible -> ACK otherwise NACK

• HARQ mechanism has higher efficiency in terms of throughput

H-ARQ can be used to mitigate the effect of channel and interference fluctuation. H-ARQ renders performance improvement due to SNR gain and time diversity

achieved by combining previously erroneously decoded packet and retransmitted packet, and due to additional coding gain by IR (Incremental Redundancy)

H-ARQ can be used to mitigate the effect of channel and interference fluctuation. H-ARQ renders performance improvement due to SNR gain and time diversity

achieved by combining previously erroneously decoded packet and retransmitted packet, and due to additional coding gain by IR (Incremental Redundancy)

SPID=´01´

SPID=´10´

SPID=´11´

payload

SPID=´00´

Contain some payload bits and some other parity bits} CTC Encoder


WiMAX MAC layer Radio Link Control / Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)

Different possible HARQ modes:

• Incremental redundancy:

Different block retransmitted (different puncture pattern)

Received signals depunctured then combined

• Chase Combining:

Same burst retransmitted, combined newly received with formerly received


ExerciseAnswer the questions

1. What is classification

2. What is PHS & what are PHS benefits

3. What are the types of MAC header

4. Name 3 QoS parameters for a service flow

5. What are the SF states & SF types

6. What are the differences between the ARQ &

H-ARQ

7. What are the types of H-ARQ mechanism.


8. MAC Layer Network Procedures


Network Procedures Network entry & Initialization

3.Initial rangingTransmit CDMA based Ranging-Request to set correct power level, accurate frequency and

correct transmission timing

1.Scan downlink channel

2.Obtain uplink parameters from UCD

4.Exchange capabilities

e.g. Max. TX power the MS can transmit per modulation scheme, also the current

transmission power

5.Authorization & Authentication

AK Exchange

6.Registration SS gets CID for its

management messages, becoming manageable

7.IP connectivity via DHCP

8.Provisioned connections

Synchronized with DL

broadcast zone

Contention allocation for initial

ranging


Network Procedures Network entry & Initialization (2)

MSS BS WACCertificate

ServerAAA Server DHCP Server HA

Scanning and synchronization 1

DL-MAP, DCD, UCD, UL-MAP (obtain

downlink and uplink parameters) 2

RNG-REQ (SS MAC address) 3

RNG-RSP (Basic and Primary

Management CIDs) 4

SBC-REQ (basic capabilities) 5

SBC-RSP 6

SS-Associated-Ind (SS MAC

address) 7

SS-Associated-Rsp 8

Authentication, authorization 9

SS-User-Profile-Ind 10

PKM: Key exchange 11

REG-REQ 12

REG-RSP 13

Preprovisioned BE service flow creation14

SS-User-Profile-Rsp 15

Ww

Synchronization & obtaining UL&DL parameters

Initial Ranging

Capabilities exchange

Notifies the WAC by ranging

Registration

Providing keying materials to BS


Network Procedures Ranging - Introduction

•Ranging has the purpose of monitoring and adjusting•Power level and

•Timing offset of the SS in relation to the BS

•Two types of ranging:•Initial ranging

•Periodic ranging

•Initial ranging appears in case:•Network entry

•Synchronization lost

•Two ranging areas are available in the UL Subframe for each type.

•These areas are dynamic according to the number of active users.

•The ranging area is the area including both ranging types.

•Also the BW requests are transmitted using this subchannel.


Network Procedures Ranging – Introduction (2)

Initial ranging

BW request

Ranging subchannel, CDMA based

access

• Ranging subchannel attributed by the BS in UL-MAP

• Ranging done by CDMA codes

• Best way to avoid collision

• 255 CDMA codes in 4 subsets Initial ranging Periodic ranging BW request Handover (i.e. initial ranging to target BS)

+ +Periodic ranging

Handover+


Network Procedures Network Entry Process

BS

Course frequency fixing, scheduled receiving

mode, start MAP decoding

In search mode

CPE

Synchronization phase

Send map containing CDMA

Initial Ranging area with a

broadcast Connection ID (initial ranging region)

MAP


Network Procedures Network Entry Process (2)

BS CPE

Broadcasts RNG-RSP withTime and Power

Correctionsand original Ranging Code

andRanging Slot

Ranging Code

RNG-RSP

Transmit randomly selected Initial Ranging code in a randomly selected Ranging Slot from available Ranging Region

Receive RNG-RSP message with Ranging Code and

Ranging Slot matching sent

values. Adjust Time and Power

parameters

Initial Ranging phase

If Status=Success


Network Procedures Network Entry Process (3)

BS CPE

Send map containinganonymous BW

allocationwith original Ranging Code and ranging slot

MAP

RNG-REQTransmit RNG-REQ and

continue with regular Initialnetwork entry

Initial Ranging phase(2)


Network Procedures Initial Ranging procedures

•CPE perform DL synchronization and extract UL parameters.

•Then, transmits a CDMA code selected randomly.

•Upon receiving the code by BS, it sends a ranging response with the

detected code identifying the ranging slot granted.

•The CPE uses that slot to send a RNG_REQ.


Network Procedures Power control during initial ranging (1)

BS defines its transmitted power during the DCD in DL “BS_EIRP”

Since, UL path loss DL path loss for TDD systems

Then, UL path loss BS_EIRP – RSS



The maximum transmitted power by MS is:

PTX_IR_MAX = EIRxPIR,max+ BS_EIRP - RSS

Where:

MS should transmit the first CDMA code by power less than PTX_IR_MAX with e.g. -10dB

Calculated by CPE



Start IR

Wait for IR

allocation

Send IR CDMA Code

RNG_RSPReceived?

no

no

PTX_IR_MAX reached?

Increase TX_PWR by

1dB

Adjust timing & PWR according to

RNG_RSP

Wait for allocation

Send IR burst RNG_REQ

Status “Success

”?Power adjust

successful sync. mode

End IR

Yes

Yes

Yes

No


Network Procedures Periodic Ranging


Network Procedures Periodic Ranging

CPE chooses randomly a Ranging Slot to perform the ranging.

Then it chooses randomly a Periodic Ranging Code and sends it to the BS.

Upon receiving the code by BS, it sends a ranging response with the detected

code identifying the ranging slot granted.

The Ranging Response message contains all the needed adjustment (e.g., time,

power, and possibly frequency corrections)

If CPE does not receive a response, the MS sends a new CDMA code at the next

appropriate periodic Ranging transmission opportunity and adjust its power

level up to PTX_IR_MAX.


Network Procedures Bandwidth Request Mechanisms

No BW request needed in case of BE, only grant for data or request


Network Procedures Bandwidth Request Mechanisms (2)

BSCPE

UL-MAP

CDMA Code

CDMA_Allocation_IE

BW_RequestMAC PDU

UL-MAP

MS synchronizes on the DL extracting the initial ranging region from the

UL-MAPMS selects a BW CDMA code and transmits it to the BS in ranging region

BS assigns a BW request slot for the MS

MS transmits a BW request MAC PDU through

the allocated slot

BE

Also BW request can be piggybacked in the data PDUs

Packet Sent

Polling

Granting

N Frames


Network Procedures Mobility management – Handover types

• Intra WAC handover• Handover between base stations keeping the same Access Controller (WAC) as

anchor point (AC). No change of Mobile IP foreign Agent.

• Inter WAC handover• Handover between base stations leading to a change of Access Controller (WAC).

Requires a binding update with the Home Agent (HA)

802.16e

WAC(proxy MIP/FA)

HA

WAC(proxy MIP/FA)

BS

BS

BS

Corporate

IMS

Internet

intra WAC

inter WAC

Seamless handover HA: Home AgentFA: Foreign Agent

802.16e

WAC(proxy MIP/FA)

HA

WAC(proxy MIP/FA)

BSBS

BSBS

BSBS

Corporate

IMS

Internet

intra WAC

inter WAC

Seamless handover HA: Home AgentFA: Foreign Agent


Network Procedures Mobility management – Inter WAC Handover

HA

WAC 1 WAC 2

BS A BS B

Proxy MIP/FA Proxy MIP/FA


Network Procedures Mobility management – HO steps

Handover is based on 5 functional steps

• Cell reselection (scanning)

• Handover initiation & preparation

• Handover execution CPE disconnected from the network

• Network re-entry After this step CPE can send/receive packets to/from the network

• HO Cancellation.

Break before make approach

• With resources reservation before handover

Handover is « MS initiated network controlled »


HO Steps 1) Cell Selection - Building the neighbour BSs list

If CINR (neighbor BS) > CINR (serving BS) + Hysteresis margin

for time-to-trigger durationThen

Add neighbor BS to list of possible target BS

Time

CINR

hm

hm : Hysteresis marginttd : Time to Trigger

ttd

Add BS2 to list ofpossible target BS

BS1

BS2

Time

CINR

hm

hm : Hysteresis marginttd : Time to Trigger

ttd

Add BS2 to list ofpossible target BS

BS1

BS2


MSS Serving BS BS1 BSn

MOB_NBR-ADV(BS1-Param, ...,

BSn-Param) 1

DCD (Trigger Type, Function,

Action) 2

MOB_SCN-REQ(BS1 ID, …, BSn ID) 3

MOB_SCN-RSP(Report Mode, Scan duration = N frames, Start Frame = M frames, Interleaving Interval = P

frames, Scan Iteration = T,

Scanning Type, HMAC/CMAC) 4

M frames

scanning (iteration 1, N frames) 5

P frames

scanning (iteration 2, N frames) 6

(T-3)xN + (T-2)xP frames

Scanning (iteration T, N frames) 7

• Scanning is used to evaluate the neighbor BS and build a list of

the proposed target BSs

•Trigger Type: CINR Measeurement

•BS allocates to the CPE the scanning periods and defines the

start of every period

•The CPE is requested by the BS not to proceed in IR with any

neighbor BS

•During Scanning the CPE should stop sending UL packets and the BS should buffer the DL packet.

HO Steps:1) Cell selection (Scanning)


MSS Serving BS Target BS WAC

MOB_MSHO-REQ(BS list) 1

SS-HO-Preparation-Ind(MSS MAC @, BS list, MSS basic

capabilities) 2

Target BS

selection 3

SS-HO-Preparation-Req(MSS MAC @, MSS basic capabilities, MSS IP

@, User profile, Keying Material) 4

SS-HO_Preparation-Cnf(MSS MAC @, Action time, Service Level

Prediction) 5

DL data path switching for

NRT services 6

SS-HO-Preparation-Rsp(Target BS ID, Action Time,

Service Level Prediction) 7

MOB_BSHO-RSP(Target BS ID, Action Time, Service Level

Prediction, Resource Retain Type,

Resource Retain Time) 8

Time

CINR

MS initiates handover

Serving BS

Threshold

Time

CINR

MS initiates handover

Serving BS

Threshold

Intra WAC HandoverHO Steps 2) HO Preparation phase

Resource Retain Timer:

Duration during which serving BS

(prior to handover) keeps MS

context to support handover

cancellation by MS

Resources are reserved(admitted)


Intra WAC Handover

MSS Serving BS Target BS WAC

MOB_HO-IND(mode="HO", Target

BS ID) 9

SS_HO_Execution_Ind(MSS MAC @, Target BS ID) 10


RT services 11

SS_HO_Execution_Cmd(MSS MAC

@) 12

CDMA Ranging 13

RNG-REQ(MSS MAC @, Ranging Purpose Indication,

HMAC/CMAC tuple) 14

RNG_RSP(HO process optimization, PKMv2 SA-TEK-

Challenge, CID Update) 15

SS_HO_Execution-Rsp(tBSID, MSS MAC @, return code="HO

success") 16

SS_Association-Ind(MSS MAC @,

Cause="HO") 17

SS_Association-Rsp 18

SS_Release-Cmd(MSS MAC @, Cause="HO") 19

SS_Release-Ack 20

PKM-REQ(PKMv2 SA-TEK-Request) 21

PKM-RSP(PKMv2 SA-TEK-Response) 22

Connection established 23

HO Steps 3) HO Execution phase

Network Re-Entry


Inter WAC Handover

MSS Serving BSServing

WACTarget BS Target WAC

MOB_MSHO-REQ(BS list) 1

SS-HO-Preparation-Ind(MSS MAC

@, BS list, MSS basic capabilities) 2

Inter-WAC control connection establishment 3

Target BS

selection 4

SS-HO-Preparation-Ind(MSS MAC @, sBSID, tBSID, MSS basic capabilities, HA IP @, anchor WAC IP @, MSS IP @,

User Profile, Keying material) 5

SS-HO-Preparation-Req(MSS MAC @, MSS basic capabilities, MSS IP

@, User profile, Keying materials) 6

SS-HO_Preparation-Cnf(MSS MAC @, Action time, Service Level

Prediction) 7

SS-HO-Preparation-Rsp(Target BS ID, Action Time,

Service Level Prediction) 8


NRT services 9

SS-HO-Preparation-Rsp(Target BS ID, Action Time, Service Level

Prediction) 10

MOB_BSHO-RSP(Target BS ID, Action Time, Service Level

Prediction, Resource Retain Type,

Resource Retain Time) 11

HO Steps 2) HO Preparation phase (2)




MOB_HO-IND(mode="HO", Target

BS ID) 12

SS_HO_Execution_Ind(MSS MAC

@, Target BS ID) 13


RT services 14

SS_HO_Execution_Ind(MSS MAC @, Target BS ID) 15

SS_HO_Execution_Cmd(MSS MAC

@) 16

CDMA Ranging 17

RNG-REQ(MSS MAC @, Ranging Purpose Indication, HMAC/CMAC tuple) 18

RNG_RSP(HO process optimization, PKMv2 SA-TEK-Challenge, CID Update) 19

SS_HO_Execution-Rsp(Return

code="Success") 20

SS_HO_Execution-Rsp(Return code="Success") 21

SS_Association-Ind(MSS MAC @,

Cause="HO") 22

SS_Association-Rsp 23

PKM-REQ(PKMv2 SA-TEK-Request) 24

PKM-RSP(PKMv2 SA-TEK-Response) 25

Traffic resumption 26

Inter WAC HandoverHO Steps 3) HO Execution phase (2)

Network Re-Entry


During this phase the MS is disconnected from the network and so cannot

receive or send data (due to break before make strategy).

All CPE context (encryption keys, MS capabilities, and service flows description)

were provided to the target BS during the handover preparation phase.

If disconnection appeared between the tBS and CPE then all routed data is lost.

NW Re-entry occurs at:

1. Intra WAC Handover (Intra WAC Re-entry)

2. Inter WAC Handover (Inter WAC Re-entry)

3. Idle mode termination

HO Steps 4) Network Re-entry


4) NW Re-entry1. Intra WAC NW Re-entry

MSS New BS Old BS WAC AAA Server DHCP server HA






Management CIDs) 4


SBC-RSP 6

SS-Associated-Ind (SS MAC address) 7

SS-Associated-Rsp 8

SS-Release-Cmd 9

SS-Release-Ack 10

Re-Authentication 11



REG-REQ 14

REG-RSP 15



SS-IP-address-Ind 18

SS-IP-address-Rsp 19

DHCP RENEW or DHCP INIT 20

Ww


4) NW Re-entry2. Inter WAC NW Re-entry

MSS New BS Old BS New WAC Old WAC AAA Server DHCP server HA






Management CIDs) 4


SBC-RSP 6

SS-Associated-Ind (SS MAC address) 7

SS-Associated-Rsp 8

Authentication 9



REG-REQ 12

REG-RSP 13



DHCP RENEW or DHCP INIT 16

SS-IP-address-Ind 17

SS-IP-address-Rsp 18

MIP registration 19

Accounting-Start 20

SS-Release-Ind 21

SS-Release-Rsp 22

Accounting-Stop 23

MIP De-registration 24

MIP second registration 25

Ww

In case of multipleBinding is not supported




MOB_HO_IND(HO Cancel) 1

SS_HO_Execution-Ind(MSS MAC@,

HO Cancel) 2

Connection re-established 3

SS_HO_Execution-Ind(MSS MAC@, Target BS ID, HO

Cancel) 4

SS_HO_Execution-Rsp(Return Code = "Success") 5

SS-Release-Cmd(MSS MAC@, Cause "HO Cancel") 6

SS-Release-Cmd(MSS MAC@,

Cause "HO Cancel") 7

SS-Release-Ack 8

SS-Release-Ack 9

HO Steps5) HO Cancellation


Mobility management Handover Performances

Session disruption during handover is between 90 and 110 ms• MS disconnected from network «due to break before make strategy »

• Allows to provide seamless handover for non real-time applications

• VoIP user can experience a short « cut »

« Simple Mobility » as defined by Wimax Forum is supported

• Mobility usage defined by Wimax Forum: Nomadicity Simple mobility (handover below 150 ms) Full mobility (handover below 50 ms)


Network Procedures Channel Quality Measurements

Two methods:

• RSSI / CINR measurements via MAC message CPE sends the REP-RSP dependent on REP-REQ only

• RSSI / CINR measurement via CQICH (W2 MR1) CPE sends the REP-RSP periodically on a pre-negotiated period with the BS (but

that requires implementation of the CQICH region in the UL)

RSSI and CINR statistics and response implementation is mandatoryRSSI = Receiver Signal Strength IndicatorCINR = Carrier-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio

All measurements are done on the Preamble

All measurements are averaged before reported The measurements reported by CPE are used in the power control and

Handover algorithms.


The following data is present in the CQICH_Allocation_IE:Period (P):

A CQI feedback is transmitted on the CQICH every 2^p frames.

Frame offset:

The frame at which the SS starts reporting measurements.

Duration (d):

A CQI feedback is transmitted on the CQI channels indexed by the CQICH_ID for

10 x 2d frames.

BS MS

CQICH_Allocation _IE -Succession of RSSI (CINR)measurements on DL preamble in OFDMA frame-Estimates mean and Standard deviation of RSSI (CINR).

REP-RSP

Network Procedures Channel Quality Measurements

or REP-REQ


Uplink PC only is defined

Why no DL PC?

•Very useful in a network for minimizing interference•Different approaches in IEEE 802.16e for interference

reduction

BS always transmit at almost the maximum power level•consequences:

All SSs get their highest possible modulation rates

Minimum transmission time

High interference (high transmission power) for a short period of time

Network Procedures Power Control algorithm - Introduction


Network Procedures Power Control algorithm – Introduction (2)

The goal is to adjust the Tx power so that the best available coding scheme is

achieved (best rates).

Two types of network configurations:

1) Single Cell configuration: (the one used by W2)• No interference between neighbour cells is present• UL power control will rely on RSSI measurements for simplicity.

2) Multi Cell configuration:• Interference between neighbour cells is present• Advanced UL power control based on RSSI and CINR measurements• Compare RSSI with CINR and adapt modulation / FEC coding

according to interference situation


Network Procedures PC/ Minimum RSSI and normalized SNR

A burstprofile is defined by: •Modulation (QPSK,16QAM,64QAM)•Channel coder•Coding rate (1/2...3/4)

Each burstprofile is applicable for a certain RSSI range

Burst profile (Modulation and coding rate)

Minimum signal Level (RSSI)according to

WIMAX standard

NormalizeC/N

QPSK 1/2 -86 6

QPSK ¾ -84 9

16QAM 1/2 -79 12

16QAM 3/4 -77 15

64QAM 2/3 -72 20

64QAM 3/4 -71 21

The CPE changes its transmit power automatically if the burst profile changes

These values are dependent on channel BW


Network Procedures PC/Definition of terms

Noise Floor (N)

Signal Level (S)

Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

RSSI max : Signal Level if MSS transmits max. TX power

MSS TX power headroom

RX Level (RSSI)

frequency

A definition of terms

MSS TX power control range:Min.45dB(OFER : 60dB?)

RSSI min : if MSS has min. TX power


Network Procedures PC/ Current TX power vs. measured RSSI

MSSBS

Current measured RSSI

Current TX power level

Max. RSSI Max TX power level

Path loss

Path loss = Current TX power level – Current measured RSSI

Max RSSI = Max TX power level – Path loss

MSS TX power headroom = Max RSSI – Current measured RSSI

= Max TX power level – Max. RSSI


Network Procedures PC/ Noise floor and signal level

Due to the noise figure NF of the receiver and implementation loss, the noise level referenced to the demodulator is:

N = N + NF + Impl.Loss = -107dBm +9dB +5dB = -93 dBm

(*) N is also dependent on channel BWN = -174 dBm/Hz + 10*log(BW / 1Hz)Each modulation type requires a minimum SNR for proper

demodulation . The signal level S for proper demodulation for a given burstprofile is then:

S = N + SNR = -93dBm + 9dB = -84dBm .

The target CINR for QPSK ¾ is 9dB from the table.

Hence the target RSSI for QPSK 3/4 is –84 dBm


Network Procedures PC/ Burst profile state machine

Closed Loop

Power Control

Closed Loop

Power Control

Burst Profile

selectionManagement

Burst Profile

selectionManagement

RSSI or CINR out of range

Burstprofile selected

Check MSS TX power headroom. Change burstprofile if headroom is sufficient.

MSS Adjusts TX power : Use RSSI target table or CINR target table for the selected burstprofile

Select new burstprofile according BS and MSS capabilities

Sufficent / Insufficent TX power headroom

During MSS network entry the burstprofile is QPSK. After entry is finished, an initial burstprofile should be selected.

MSS network entry

MSS network entry finished

This mechanism is done using Correction and Action Profiles CAPs


Network Procedures PC/ Burst profile state machine requirements

Try to select the BP with the highest modulation rate.

Check always if the MSS TX power headroom is sufficent to change to higher

modulation rate

If the BP cannot be changed, then apply power control and keep the current BP.

Avoid to change the BP too often. Once a BP is selected, it should be valid for a

specific time (MSS min. Headroom)

Notify the user application if a new BP has been assigned.


Network Procedures PC/ List of Correction and Action Profiles (CAPs)

RSSI [dBm]

CAP#0

CAP#1

CAP#2

A CAP element defines a range of RSSI where a specific burst profile should be used.

A list of CAP elements is used to cover all possible RSSI values.The list is presented by CAP#0 to CAP#N

CAP#0•Referred to as lowest CAP•Defines lowest RSSI values•Designed for lowest modulation rate•Designed for lowest coder rate

CAP#N

CAP#N•Referred to as highest CAP•Defines highest RSSI values•Designed for highest modulation rate•Designed for highest coder rate


Network Procedures

PC/ CAP description

CAP #n

RSSI [dBm]

No power adjustment is needed.

MSS TX power must be decreased

MSS TX power must be increased

The CAP element sub-devides an RSSI range into smaller intervals. If the burstprofile should not be changed, then the CAP describes the action to be applied

R1

R2

R3

R4

The CAP is defined by:

• Minimum MSS power headroom• Mode : use RSSI or CINR• RSSI thresholds R1..R4• CINR threshold C1..C4• Action codes for R1..R4 / C1..C4• max. step size for power correction value

Select CAP#n+1

Select CAP#n-1

Action

Action Codes:

SELECT_HIGHER_BPSELECT_LOWER_BPINCREASE_TX_POWERDECREASE_TX_POWERNO_ACTION


Network Procedures PC/ Example

QPSK 1/2

16QAM 1/2

No power adjustment Increase / DecreaseMSS TX power

Increase / Decrease MSS TX power orSelect another burstprofile

CAP #0

CAP #1

-123

-40

-86

-79

RSSI [dBm]

-81

-74

Calculation done by MAC:

MSS Power Headroom for 16QAM1/2 = 23dBm – (-10dBm) = 33dB

Distance to next CAP= -79dBm – (-86dBm) = 7dB

If MSS Power Headroom > (Distance to next CAP + min. MSS Headroom) then { select new burstrpofile from next CAP } Else { perform closed loop power control to keep CAP }

Distance to next CAP

-81

-78

RSSI = -82dBm using QPSK 1/2MSS max TX power for 16QAM1/2: 23dBmMSS current TX power : -10dBmMSS min.headroom : 9dB


Network Procedures PC/ Example (2)

RSSI excellent, no correction value

RSSI low, increase power

RSSI out of range , select new burstprofile

RSSI out of range , select new burstprofile

RX Level RSSI

time

RSSI high , decrease power

For each burstprofile there is an RSSI target table.

Decision is : power controlIncrease/Decrease power, but check if less robust Burstprofile is possible.

Decision is : If possible select new burstprofile, else decrease power

Decision is : If possible increase MSS power, else select more robust burstprofile


Network Procedures

PC/ Limitations

•There are some situations where the BP cannot be changed to higher modulation rates:

The MSS TX power headroom is not sufficient. Then the decision is to keep the selected BP and to decrease the power.

•There are some situations where the BP cannot be changed to lower modulation rates:

The selected BP is already QPSK ½. Then the decision is to keep the selected BP and to increase the power.


Idle mode is the CPE activity of scanning the network at discrete intervals.

Idle Mode allows the CPE to become periodically available for DL broadcast

traffic messaging without registration at a specific BS.

Idle Mode benefits CPE by removing the active requirement for HO, and all

Normal Operation requirements.

Idle Mode allows the CPE to conserve power and operational resources.

And benefits the network and BS by providing a simple method for alerting the

CPE to pending DL traffic directed toward the CPE.

Network Procedures Idle mode mechanism


Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Paging Controller

The BSs are divided into logical groups called paging groups to offer a contiguous

coverage regions in which the MS does not need to transmit in the UL, yet can be paged in

the DL if there is targeted traffic.

Restriction in W2.1, only one paging group can be defined for the entire WiMAX

RAN.

CPE in idle mode are managed by a Paging Controller located in the WAC.

The paging controller is in charge of:

1) Storing CPE context for CPE idle mode.

2) Receiving incoming IP packets for CPE in idle mode and generating a paging request to notify these CPE that data are pending in the network and so network re-entry has to be done.


Network Procedures Idle Mode comprised activities

Idle mode is comprised of the following activities/stages:

•MSS Idle mode initiation

•Cell selection

•MSS paging unavailable interval

•MSS paging listening interval

•BS broadcast paging message

• Idle mode termination


MSS Idle mode initiation:

It begins when MSS sends DREG-REQ to BS and receive DREG-CMD (PC ID is included in

DREG-CMD).

The Paging Controller in the serving WAC retains certain MSS service and operational

information useful for expediting a future MSS network re-entry from Idle Mode.

The MSS should maintain an Idle Mode Timer

The Paging Controller should maintain an Idle Mode System Timer

Network Procedures Idle Mode comprised activities (2)



• Cell Selection:

−During CPE paging unavailable interval, CPE may engage in cell selection to obtain a new Preferred BS. Scanning intervals are defined by BS.

−A Preferred BS is a Neighbour BS that the CPE evaluates and selects as the BS with the best air interface DL properties.

−The Preferred BS may be the CPE’s previous Serving BS.

• MSS Paging Unavailable Interval:

−During this Interval the MSS may power down

−Scan Neighbour BSs and re-select a Preferred BS.

−MSS can conduct ranging or perform other activities for which the MSS will not guarantee availability to any BS for DL traffic.

−Then the MSS should return to the MSS Broadcast Paging Message time synchronization stage.



• MSS Paging Listening Interval

−While MSS synchronize to preferred BS, the MSS should decode any serving BS Broadcast Paging message during the entire BS Paging Interval.

−If the MSS does not elect to terminate the MSS Idle Mode, it should return to MSS Paging Unavailable Interval.

• BS Broadcast Paging message

−An MSS notification message indicating either the presence of DL traffic pending (sent on the broadcast CID)

−One of the following action codes should be included: 0b00: no action required 0b01: perform Ranging to establish location and acknowledge message 0b10: perform initial network entry 0b11: Reserved



•Idle mode termination:

Idle Mode may only be terminated through:

−MSS re-entry to the network due to pending traffic.

−Expiration of the Idle Mode System Timer

−MSS decision


Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Location Update

Location Update is the process performed by the MSS to establish its

location inside the RAN while in Idle Mode.

Two types of location update:

1) Secured Location Update: If the MSS shares a valid security context with the target BS

(If the MSS didn’t change its PC)

2) Unsecured location Update:• For an MSS and target BS that do not share current, valid security

context.

• Location Update is done using the Network Re-Entry from Idle Mode method.


Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Location Update

Location update triggering conditions:

MSS is paged

Timer update

Power down update

At any time upon MSS decision

Paging Group update (not supported in W2)


Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Location Update Request

1) First the MSS should perform CDMA ranging.

2) Then MSS sends RNG-REQ containing the following information:

• Indication that MSS is not performing HO or NRE from Idle Mode

• Indication that MSS is performing Location Update from Idle Mode

•The last connected PCID sent in the DREG-CMD by sBS.

•Power down indicator if that was the cause of Location Update.

3)On reception of a Location Update Request, the WAC should check if the PCID included in RNG-REQ fits its own WAC ID.

• In case PCID == WACID, the PC continues with secured location update.

• In case PCID <> WACID, the PC continues with unsecured location update


Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Location Update Acknowledgement

1) If the MSS is authenticated, the preferred BS answers with a RNG-RSP message including the following information:

• MSS MAC address• Location Update response: Should be set to 0b01 = “Success of Idle Mode Location Update” • Power down response:Indicates the MS’s Power Down Location Update result.

− 00= Failure of Power Down Information Update.− 01= Success of Power Down Information Update.

2) The preferred BS should report to the PC the final status of the Location Update only if it is secured and successful.


Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Paging

•Paging occurs when there is pending DL traffic targeted to the MSS.

•The PC broadcasts the paging request to all BSs that belong to the Paging Group that MSS has located in during the last Location Update procedure.

• The BSs which receive the paging request synchronizes the sending over-the-air of MOB_PAG_ADV message with PAGING OFFSET, PAGING CYCLE and the

current frame number.

• The BS buffers the paging requests messages till the next paging interval.

•The MSS should be in the Paging listening interval.


Network Procedures

Idle Mode/ Paging

Paging Timer duration = PAGING_CYCLE_MSS x Frame duration + Paging

Retry Correction + Margin

•The PC should manage repetition of Paging Request if no response is received from the MSS.

•PC should manage a Paging Timer as well as a Paging Retry Count.

•Until the MSS re-enters the network from Idle Mode or maximum Paging Retry Counts is reached, the PC should buffer DL packet targeted to the MSS.


Network Procedures

Idle Mode/ Paging

Several MSS may be paged at the same time, so the BS should build the

MOB_PAG-ADV message including all the MSS to be paged at a frame.

One MOB_PAG-ADV message per frame should be sent by the BS.

In case not all MSS paged in one MOB_PAG-ADV message, the BS should

include the unpaged ones into the next MOB_PAG-ADV message.

The BS should repeat this operation until the first of the two following conditions is

met: 1) All the MSS are paged

2) The end of the BS Paging Interval is reached.


Advanced Radio Techniques

WiMAX requirements:

Large transmission bandwidth (up to 10 MHz)

High-level modulations (64 QAM)

WiMAX solutions:

SOFDMA (previously described)

AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding)


WiMAX 802.16e AMC – Adaptive Modulation & Coding

Selection of optimal transmission mode• Among a set of modes

−BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM• According to local radio conditions

−RSSI & CINR• Per user

QPSK16QAM64QAM

Throughput definitions

• Maximum throughput per sector• Highest modulation scheme & lowest error protection

−64QAM 3/4

• Mean throughput offered per sector• Contribution of different modes over the cell area

• Depends on CINR distribution across the cell0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Cove

rage

pro

babi

lity

(%)

QPS

K 1/

2

QPS

K 3/

4

16-Q

AM 1

/2

16-Q

AM 3

/4

64-Q

AM 2

/3

64-Q

AM 3

/4

Done by Power control

Mechanism


9. Alcatel-Lucent Product description


A9100 WiMAX solutionComponents of WIMAX RAN

Dedicated equipment

• Alcatel 9116 Base Stations

• Alcatel 9160 WiMAX Access Control

• Alcatel 1353-WR OMC

Other core equipment that are necessary to provide functionality (can be shared)

• Home Agent : anchor point in mobility handling

• DHCP & DNS server : IP address allocation and address resolution

• AAA server : authentication, authorization and accounting


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base Station


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationHighlights

The flexible solution for all radio sites constraints

• Compact equipment

• Indoor & Outdoor

• Site options

High end radio features

• 35dBm Output Power & TDD System

• Integrated AAS

All frequency bands

• 2.3, 2.5, 3.3 and 3.5

Easy to operate thanks to Plug & Play approach

Evolium future proof architecture towards Multistandard

The most compactWiMAX Base Station

High PowerHigh Radio Features

802.16e35 liters only

Extended to


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationHighlights

High end radio features

• 802.16e Air Interface Compatible−High Modulation Schemes (up to 64QAM) for an optimized spectrum efficiency

• High end radio features for boosted performances−Integrated AAS, beam forming

−UL Subchanneling

−Convolutional Coding

−Turbo Code

Efficient radio resources management

• Efficient Packet acknowledgement−ARQ

• Fast Radio Channel Allocation

High Throughput

• Up to 10MHz Channelization in release W2.1

• Up to 20MHz Channelization in release W3


Power SupplyAC/DC

NEMO – Network & Modem

RFCOQuad RF Converter

4 Tx/Rx RF

conversion

LMT

Alcatel 9116 Base Station

Filte

r

LNA

PA

Filte

r

LNA

PA

Filte

r

LNA

PA

Filte

r

LNA

PA

LAN 2

LAN 1

SW programmable

Component Implementation

BTS ManagementO&M

MACLayer

802.16e

PHYLayer

802.16e

IP /

Eth

ern

et

Tra

nsp

ort

4 x

DA

C /

AD

C

GPSReceiver

TimingUnit

Inte

rface

Con

necti

on

En

try B

ox

Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationInternal Architecture

FEU


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationNetwork & Modem Module (NEMO)

Main functionalities

• Transmission−IP convergence sub-layer, transport to WAC, OMC and Core servers

• 802.16e MAC

• 802.16e PHY

• Digital to analogue conversion in Tx and vice versa in Rx

• Synchronisation (GPS)

• O&M

Implementation (SW programmable)

• O&M on Micro-controller

• MAC on a dedicated Network Processor

• PHY on combination of DSP & FPGA


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationOther Modules

RFCO – Quad RF Converter

• In both ways signal is converted on an intermediate frequency IF

• 4 functions implemented to serve 4 antennas−Future evolution with usage of direct up/down conversion

FEU - Front End Unit

• Power Amplifier

• Low Noise Amplifier

• RF Filter−Preventing spurious emission

−Providing sufficient adjacent channel rejection

• Rx/Tx antenna switch for TDD operation

Power Supply AC 110V/220V, DC 24V/48V


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationArchitecture view

2 FEUs

2 FEUs

Power Supply

NEMO

Quad RFCo


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationRadio Features

Frequency Bands

• 3,5 GHz licensed bands (3.3-3.4 GHz; 3.4-3.6 GHz; 3.6-3.8 GHz)

• 2,5 GHz licensed bands (2.3-2.4 GHz; 2.5-2.7 GHz)

Radio channel bandwidth and FFT sizes (SOFDMA)

• From 3.5 MHz to 10.0 MHz

• 512, 1024 FFT

Duplexing Mode

• TDD, 5ms frame with DL/UL Frame ratio from 1/1 to 3/1

Modulation

• QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM for both Downlink and Uplink

Error Correction Coding

• Convolutional Code (CC), Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC)


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationRadio Features (2)

Automatic Repeat Request• Standard ARQ,

Radio• 35 dBm per antenna element (PAR < 7.5dB)• RX Sensitivity –95 dBm for QPSK 1/2 and

7MHz channel, with CC• LNA Noise Figure : 3 dB

Permutation Schemes• UL PUSC• DL PUSC

QoS• BE

subchannellogicalnumber

DL ULTTG RTG

Preamble

DL-MAP

FCH

DLBurst#1

DLBurst#3

UL Burst#2

UL Burst#1

ULBurst#4

Preamble

DL-MAP

FCH

DLBurst#4

#6 #7 #8 #9 ..... ..... #23 #24 #25 #26#2 #3 #4 #5#1#0 #27 #28 #29 #30 ..... ..... #45 #46 #47 #2 #3 #4#1#0

DLBurst#2

DLBurst#5

DLBurst#7

ULMAP

compressed

DL/UL

sub-

map

DL-MAP

FCH

compressed

DL/UL

sub

-

map

#1

compressed

DL/UL

sub-

map

#2

RangingSub-channel

ULBurst#7

ULBurst#6

ULBurst#9

1

2

3

14

15

13

.

.

.

.

.

.

1

2

3

16

17

15

.

.

.

.

.

.

DL AMC 2*3-Zone UL AMC 2*3-Zone

DLBurst#6

UL Burst#3 ULBurst#8

DL PUSC Zone UL PUSC Zone

ULBurst#5

ULBurst#10

AASRang.Sub-chan.


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationAntenna Configurations

2 Configurations

• 4 antennas for 4Rx/4Tx−Benefit all Multiple antenna processing features

−Housed in a single radome

• 2 antennas for 2RX/1Tx−Diversity Algorithm optimized configuration

−Individual radome or cross polarized antenna

• GPS Antenna−For TDD synchronisation


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Special featuresAAS features

Beamforming-AAS -> Alcatel solution for A9100• Adaptive and dynamic beam forming towards each user

−Beam formed by compensating amplitude and phase−Null steering possible: interference suppression

• Antenna spacing ~ l/2: compactness• Only BS side• Advanced support for OFDMA AAS is available through IEEE 802.16e

−16e profiles has the hooks to support BF-AAS efficiently

MIMO• Transmit / Receive on multiple antennas same or different flows

−Spatial Diversity schemes: improved link quality−Spatial Multiplexing schemes: maximised data rate and system capacity

• No Beam-forming

• MIMO support for OFDMA has strongly evolved in IEEE 802.16e−16e profile supports 2x2 MIMO in DL and collaborative MIMO in UL

BS MSM N

MxN channels

BS MSM N

MxN channels

Alcate

l Solu

tion


U s e r x

s t r o n g i n t e r f e r e r

Multiple antenna processing

• AAS beamforming algorithm with 4 array elements (sub-wavelength)−Capacity increase: Up to 40% throughput gain

−Coverage enhancement: Twice less sites

−Interferences reduction: Higher coverage probability

• 2RX/1TX Diversity for 2 antennas configuration

• Further release−MIMO

Link Budget+11 dB DL+5 dB UL

Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationAlcatel Smart antenna benefits


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationSmart Antennas

Typical Characteristics

• Bands & Radio−2.3-2.7GHz−3.3-3.8GHz−Gain : 17dBi−Opening : 90°

• Mechanics•2.5GHz

1350x360x110 10kgs

•3.5GHz 1000x240x80 8kgs


Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base Station All Installation Types

Antenna in Mast

Rooftop Outdoor


Alcatel-Lucent A1353 WiMAX OMC-R


A9100 WiMAX solution OMC-R/ Overview

Capable up to 2000 cells Advanced supervision facilities Open interface to A9155 Radio Network Planning (RNP) tools

Built-in Performance database Innovative A9159 Radio Network Optimizer (RNO) embedded


A9100 WiMAX solution OMC-R/ Architecture

WACBS

SNMPInterface

SNMPInterface

Navigation Navigation

BS NEM WAC NEM

OMC-RWiMAX

A9155 Radio Network Planning

(RNP) tool

NEM: Network Element Manager (SW)LMT: Local Management Terminal (PC)

LMTLMT


A9100 WiMAX solution OMC-R & NEM Role

The Network Element Manager (NEM) is used at the equipment site for commissioning and maintenance requiring physical actions (e.g. board replacement, re-cabling).

NEM can be used from the OMC-R WiMAX site, for detailed maintenance of a single equipment.

The WiMAX OMC-R provides equipment level services via the NEM and Network level services with full WiMAX RAN scope.

• physical and logical resource supervision

• software management application

• hardware and software inventory (scanning)

• performance monitoring and QoS analysis

• radio network configuration


A9100 WiMAX solution OMC-R Advanced services

WiMAX Base Station and WAC Plug & Play

• Simplified NE commissioning on site using a wizard running on LMT

• Once the commissioned BS/WAC is connected to the network, it is automatically created at OMC level

WiMAX Base Station and WAC software management from the OMC-R WiMAX

• Upgrade, backup via software plans with immediate or planned execution

Import of WIMAX RAN operational configuration

• From the A9155 Radio Network Planning (RNP) connected to the interface provided by OMC-R

A9159 Network Performance Optimizer (NPO) embedded in the OMC-R


A9100 WiMAX solution OMC-R/ All services from one terminal

Icon Box

Equipment view

SupervisionNetwork topology

QoS

Software


A1353 WiMAX OMC-RRoot Screen

Screen open after logging

All O&M functional areas are reachable from this screen


A1353 WiMAX OMC-R Topology Management

BS and WAC creation• Plug & Play approach

NE modification/deletion

NE list• Powerful &

customizable filters

Export in XML format


A1353 WiMAX OMC-R Supervision Management

NE Start / Stop supervision

NE administrative state

Display of NE:

• Animated with colors

• Colors depending on status

• Powerful & customizable filters Filters saved/recalled by operator

Multi-NE commands

Integrated Navigation

• From this view navigation to alarms, software, equipment,…of the selected NE(s)

Export of supervision data to html or XML or Excel format


A1353 WiMAX OMC-R Equipment Management

Provided by BS/WAC NEM

Local access to the NE

• With LMT (portable PC)

Remote Access from OMC

NE hardware configuration


A1353 WiMAX OMC-R Centralized Software Management

Update SW of NEs

• Applicative and firmware

Two versions in NEs

• One active, one stand-by

Software Plans

• Multi-NEs scope

• Download, activate, accept, reject

• Immediate or planned execution


A1353 WiMAX OMC-R Alarm Management

Powerful & customizable filters

•Filters saved/recalled by operator

Current and Historical views

Customizable severity


Performance Management A9159 Network Performance Optimizer

A9159 NPO offers full range of facilities for

• Efficient planning and optimization of the network

• Usage Statistics

• Detailed investigation of a past problem

• Real-time analysis

A9159 NPO runs on the WiMAX OMC-R platform

• NPO is also used for Alcatel GSM and UMTS RAN solutions


Performance ManagementA9159 Network Performance Optimizer (2)

Permanent network-wide QoS monitoring

• Definition of Permanent Measurement Campaigns (PMCs)

• New NEs automatically added to existing PMCs

• Raw measurements stored in OMC-R database

• Raw measurements consolidated in pre-defined or flexible indicators

• Reports with tables and graphs


Performance ManagementA9159 Network Performance Optimizer (3)

Flexible indicators

• Starting from the rawmeasurements, the user can define the aggregation intoa flexible indicator.

• Definition of the set ofraw measurements and the formula to consolidate them.

• Flexible indicatorscan be saved andrecalled by the user.

• Use of templates todefine the flexibleindicators

Performance data can be exported via XML or in ExcelTM sheet


End user devices’ (CPE) description


CPE DescriptionDevices categories

Three main end-user devices are developed by ZyXEL:

•PC Card, for Nomadic and Mobile usage

•Self install Indoor CPE, for Fixed Wireless Access and Portable usage

•Self install Outdoor CPE, for Fixed Wireless Access usage

•VoIP PDA will be embedded by the mid of 2007 as shown.


CPE DescriptionDevices Overview

Type PC CardIndoor, Self

installIndoor, Self

install

Indoor gateway with Outdoor

self install unit

Usage Nomadic, Mobile Fixed, Portable Fixed, Portable Fixed

Services Data Data, Voice Data, Voice Data, Voice

Connectivity

PCMCIA1 x Ethernet

plug

4 x Ethernet plugs

WiFi 802.11b/g

4 x Ethernet plugs

WiFi 802.11b/g

Tx Power23dBm + 2dBi antenna gain

27dBm + 6dBi antenna gain




CPE DescriptionPCMCIA

Product concept: • Nomadic and Mobile WiMAX modem for PC

WiMAX air interface:

• 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz and 3.5GHz versions

• 3.5MHz, 5MHz, 7MHz, 8.75MHz and 10MHz bandwidth

• 802.16e efficient air interface, including: − AAS beamforming according to WiMAX Forum profile

− CTC (Convolutional Turbo Code)

− Up to 64QAM modulation in downlink, and 16QAM in uplink

• 23dBm transmit power with 2dBi antenna gain

• Mobility up to 120 km/hr

• Support up to 5 Mbps downlink, 2 Mbps uplink


CPE DescriptionIndoor Simple CPE, Multi-users CPE

Product concept: • Fixed Wireless Internet access with embedded VoIP• Two different products:

− Simple CPE, targeting single user− Multi-users CPE, bringing higher connectivity option, including

WiFi

WiMAX air interface:

• 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz and 3.5GHz versions• 3.5MHz, 5MHz, 7MHz, 8.75MHz and 10MHz bandwidth• 802.16e efficient air interface, including:

AAS beamforming according to WiMAX Forum profile CTC (Convolutional Turbo Code) Up to 64QAM modulation in downlink, and 16QAM in uplink

• High range thanks to 27dBm transmit power with 6dBi additional antenna gain

• Support up to 5 Mbps downlink, 2 Mbps uplink


CPE DescriptionOutdoor CPE

Product concept: • Fixed Wireless Internet access with embedded VoIP and WiFi access

point.

• High gain outdoor directive antenna for large cell range (up to 15 ~20 km) and enhanced spectrum usage.

• Easy installation, can be done by the end-user himself.

Main features:• The Outdoor CPE share same features as the Multi-users indoor CPE (IP

networking with 4 Ethernet plugs, WiFi, VoIP with 2 POTS plugs, …) with following exceptions:

23dBm transmit power 14dBi directive antenna, 30° elevation and 30° azimuth


Alcatel-Lucent’s Internal Roadmap and Strategies


Internet in the PocketWiMAX Roadmap

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY SEPTAUG OCT NOV DEC

2007 2008

W2 Release

MobilityVoIPSmart AntennasIMS - NGNEnd to End Solutions

W2 Release

MobilityVoIPSmart AntennasIMS - NGNEnd to End Solutions

802.16e standard

TerminalsPCMCIA, CPE Indoor, CPE Outdoor2.3, 2.5, and 3.5Ghz

802.16e standard

TerminalsPCMCIA, CPE Indoor, CPE Outdoor2.3, 2.5, and 3.5Ghz

W3 Release

Capacity & CoverageEnhanced MobilityExtended ServicesEnlarged Base Station portfolio

W3 Release

Capacity & CoverageEnhanced MobilityExtended ServicesEnlarged Base Station portfolio

W2.1

5MHz and 10MHz2.5GHz, 2.3GHz, 3.5GHzSmart AntennasVoIP – NGNMobilityAuthenticationEnd to End Solutions

W2.1

5MHz and 10MHz2.5GHz, 2.3GHz, 3.5GHzSmart AntennasVoIP – NGNMobilityAuthenticationEnd to End Solutions

Base Station

Access Control

Operation & Maintenance

High Capacity WAC

Multi WBS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

700MHzDemonstrator

Light WBS

W4 Release

Performance & Capacity

W4 Release

Performance & Capacity

W3

Enhanced Mob.IMS VoIP QoSHigh Capacity WACO&M enhancements

W4 – Q2 08

Enhanced MIMOMulti CarriersSpectrum efficiencyNew devices (embed)700 MHz SolutionMulti-hopReuse1Interference Cancel.

W3 MR1

7MHz*, 8.75MHz*Video ServicesWholesaleQoS ClassesMIMO

TerminalsUSB Dongle, PCI Express

* : Features under

assessment


Internet in the Pocket W2 release WiMAX Roadmap /INTERNAL


2007 2008JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

W2MR1

System features• Full integrated RAN

• High Speed Internet

• Network Entry

• QoS BE

• IP Addressing

• IP-CS

• Unicast

• Nomadicity

• Mobility intra WAC

Radio Features• 5MHz –512FFT

• PUSC UL/DL

• 16QAM DL/UL

• Fix DL/UL Ratio

• GPS Synchronization

• Rx Diversity

W2MR1

System features• Full integrated RAN

• High Speed Internet

• Network Entry

• QoS BE

• IP Addressing

• IP-CS

• Unicast

• Nomadicity

• Mobility intra WAC

Radio Features• 5MHz –512FFT

• PUSC UL/DL

• 16QAM DL/UL

• Fix DL/UL Ratio

• GPS Synchronization

• Rx Diversity


• Equipment Configuration

• Alarm Management

• SW Management

• Operator Security Management

• Local Maintenance Terminals

• OMC Data Back Up Restore

• SNPM v3

• Plug & Play NEs

• Radio Management

W2.1

System features• E2E VLANs transport

service

• Charging data in WAC

• HA less for FWA

• Authentication

Radio Features• AAS UL

• Turbo Code

• 10Mhz - 1kFFT

• 64QAM DL


• Performance Management

• Performance Indicators

• QoS Monitoring

• OMC 600cells

W2.1

System features• E2E VLANs transport

service

• Charging data in WAC

• HA less for FWA

• Authentication

Radio Features• AAS UL

• Turbo Code

• 10Mhz - 1kFFT

• 64QAM DL


• Performance Management

• Performance Indicators

• QoS Monitoring

• OMC 600cells




W3 MR1

Services• Enterprises Services

LL, Corporate VPN

• IP Mobile TV, VoD (w/ QoS)

• Wholesale

• Enhanced mobility

enhanced perf

System Features• New QoS Class

RT-VR, NRT-VR, ERT-VR

• Authentification methods

EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA

WiMAX Certification wave 1

Radio Features• 7 Mhz*, 8.75MHz*

• ARQ, H-ARQ, DL-FUSC,

• MIMO DL STBC

• UL & DL AMC 2*3

• DL BF (inc. UL DL BF in AMC 2*3)

• Support of STC zone

• Dynamic CTC

• Prog UL/DL ratio

W3 MR1

Services• Enterprises Services

LL, Corporate VPN

• IP Mobile TV, VoD (w/ QoS)

• Wholesale

• Enhanced mobility

enhanced perf


RT-VR, NRT-VR, ERT-VR


EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA

WiMAX Certification wave 1

Radio Features• 7 Mhz*, 8.75MHz*

• ARQ, H-ARQ, DL-FUSC,

• MIMO DL STBC

• UL & DL AMC 2*3

• DL BF (inc. UL DL BF in AMC 2*3)

• Support of STC zone

• Dynamic CTC

• Prog UL/DL ratio

O&M• Network Perf.

Optimization

QoS management enhancements

QoS Alerters

• Remote Inventory

• O&M enhancements

•OMC alarms

W3 MR1 ed

Support of Multi WBS

W3 MR1 ed

Support of Multi WBS

W3

Services• Enhanced mobility

macro mobility

LU, Idle, Paging


UGS


EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA

• Encryption

WAC• High capacity (up to 10 Gb/s)

• WAC redundancy

Radio Features• Fast feedback (CQICH)

• 1x1 segmented PUSC DL & UL

• 64QAM DL

• PHS

W3

Services• Enhanced mobility

macro mobility

LU, Idle, Paging


UGS


EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA

• Encryption

WAC• High capacity (up to 10 Gb/s)

• WAC redundancy

Radio Features• Fast feedback (CQICH)

• 1x1 segmented PUSC DL & UL

• 64QAM DL

• PHS

O&M• O&M enhancements

•BS reparenting

•Multi-release management

• Radio Traces

• OMC 2k cells capacity

• Cartographic Display

• Automatic Diagnosis

• RNP Interface

• Pay as you grow mecanisms

Internet in the Pocket W3 release WiMAX Roadmap /INTERNAL




New Terminals

New devices (embed)

New Terminals

MIMOPCMCIA, Indoor CPE,Outdoor CPEUSB DonglePCI Express

Terminal Features7MHz, 8.75MHz

W2MR ed W2.1 W3 W3 MR1 W4

New Terminals

Indoor CPE 3.5GHzOutdoor CPE 2.3GHz, 3.5GHz

New Terminals

Indoor CPE 3.5GHzOutdoor CPE 2.3GHz, 3.5GHz

New Terminals

Indoor CPE – 27dBm 2.5GHz, 2.3GHzPCMCIA 3.5GHzOutdoor CPE 2.5GHz

New Terminals

Indoor CPE – 27dBm 2.5GHz, 2.3GHzPCMCIA 3.5GHzOutdoor CPE 2.5GHz

New Terminals

Multi-Users CPE 2.5GHz, 2.3GHz, 3.5GHz

New Terminals

Multi-Users CPE 2.5GHz, 2.3GHz, 3.5GHz

Terminals FeaturesW2.110MHz ChannelizationSW Download

Terminals FeaturesW2.110MHz ChannelizationSW Download

New Terminals

Indoor CPE – 27dBm 3.5GHz

New Terminals

Indoor CPE – 27dBm 3.5GHz

Internet in the Pocket WiMAX terminal Roadmap /INTERNAL

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007223 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007 223 | WiMAX Architecture and Dimensioning in W2.1 | March 2007

PSS&TI - Network Engineering

E-Mail: [email protected]

Forum: http://aww-forum.net.alcatel.com/viewforum.php?f=53

NE Quickplace: http://aww.quickplace.alcatel.com/QuickPlace/mnd_pcs-psf/

PageLibraryC12570D0006048F2.nsf/h_Toc/9af0a6d9c05146c3c125714000445a62/?OpenDocument


www.alcatel-lucent.comThank you!!

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