introduction to the structural units chapter 1. © 2004 delmar learning, a division of thomson...

INTRODUCTION TO THE INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURAL UNITSSTRUCTURAL UNITS

Chapter 1

© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

Branches of Anatomy

1.Gross Anatomy-study of large and easily observable structures by dissection or inspection with the naked eye(ex. General shape, external features, main divisions)


2. Microscopic Anatomy-on a cellular level thanks to invention of the microscope

• Cytology: study of the structure, function, and development of cells that

comprise different body parts• Histology: study of tissues and organs that

make up the entire body of an organism



3.Developmental Anatomy: studies the growth and development of an organism during its lifetime

• Embryology: studies the formation of an organism from the fertilized

egg to birth



4. Comparative Anatomy- studies the organs and body parts of humans in comparison to other animals within the animal kingdom

5. Systemic Anatomy- studies structure and function of various organs or parts that comprise a particular organ system. Ex: Dermatology-study of integumentary system

Endocrinology-study of endocrine systemNeurology- study of nervous system



Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology

Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction

Anatomical Position: a human being in such a position is standing erect, with face forward, arms at the side, and palms forward.

• Anterior/Ventral: “front” or “in front of” Ex: A ventral hernia may protrude from the front of the abdomen.

• Posterior/Dorsal: “back” or “in back of” Ex: Shoulder blades (scapula) are located on the posterior

surface of the body.

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology

• Cranial: “skull or head end” Ex: A VP shunt was placed to manage the patients increased

intracranial pressure.

• Caudal: “tail end” Ex: Caudal anesthesia is injected in the lower spine.

• Superior: “upper” or “above another” Ex. The heart and lungs are situated superior to the diaphragm.

• Inferior:”lower” or “below another” Ex. The intestines are situated inferior to the diaphragm.




• Medial:”toward the midline or median plane of the body”

• Lateral: “away” or toward the side of the body

Ex: The nose is medial to the eyes and the ears are lateral to the nose.


• Proximal: “towards the point of attachment to the body or trunk of the body”

• Distal: “away from the point of attachment or origin or farthest from the trunk of the body”

Ex: The hand is proximal to the wrist. The elbow is distal to the shoulder.




•Terms Referring to Body Planes and Sections

Planes are imaginary anatomical dividing lines which are useful in separating body structures.

A section is a cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane


• Sagittal Plane: divides the body into right and left parts

• Mid-Sagittal Plane: right and left sides of the body



• Coronal (frontal) Plane: a vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

• Transverse Plane: aka-”cross section” a horizontal line that divides the body into upper and lower parts




Terms Referring to Cavities of the Body

• Dorsal cavity: contains brain and spinal cord

• Cranial cavity: contains the brain

• Spinal cavity: contains the spinal cord

• Thoracic cavity: contains heart and lungs



• Abdominopelvic cavity: includes abdomen and pelvis

• Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine

• Pelvic cavity: contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, appendix, and remainder of large intestine



Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity• Upper/Epigastric region: located just

below the sternum

• Right hypochondriac region: just below ribs on right side of body

• Left hypochondriac region: just below ribs on left side of body



• Middle/Umbilical region: around the naval or umbilicus

• Right lumbar region: runs anterior to posterior, just below right hypochondriac region

• Left lumbar region: runs anterior to posterior, just below left hypochondriac region

• Lower/Hypogastric region: pubic area

• Right Illiac Region: right inguinal area

• Left Illiac Region: left inguinal area



•Smaller Cavities

• Orbital cavity: eyes, optic nerves, lacrimal (tear) ducts

• Nasal cavity: parts that form the nose

• Buccal cavity: teeth and tongue

Life FunctionsLife Functions

• Life Functions are a series of highly organized and related activities which allow living organisms to live, grow, and maintain themselves.

• These vital functions include movement, ingestion, digestion, transport, respiration, synthesis, assimilation, growth, secretion, excretion, regulation, and reproduction

• See pg. 6



Human DevelopmentHuman Development

• Early in human development, certain groups of cells become highly specialized for specific functions.

• Special cells grouped according to function, shape, size, and structure are called tissues.


Human DevelopmentHuman Development

• Tissues form larger structural units known as organs.

• Groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function are called an organ system.


Body ProcessesBody Processes

• Metabolism: the functional activities of cells that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions

• Anabolism: the building up of complex materials from simpler ones such as food and oxygen

Body ProcessesBody Processes

• Catabolism: the breaking down and changing of complex substances into simpler ones, with a release of energy and carbon dioxideAnabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism

• Homeostasis: the maintenance of optimal internal environment of the human body


introduction to the structural units chapter 1. © 2004 delmar learning, a division of thomson...

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