Introduction to the Session 6 - Theme 4 – on “Water

Resources Management and Governance”

Integrated Water Resources Management implies three main elements:

The Concept of Integrated Water Resources Management

Economic Equity EnvironmentalSustainability

Management Instruments Assessment Information Allocation

Instruments

EnablingEnvironment Policies Legislation

InstitutionalFramework Central -

Local River Basin Public -

Private

Balance “water for livelihood” and “water as a resource”

• IWRM:• A cross-sectoral approach

Water for

people

Water for

food

Water for

nature

Water for

otheruses

Cross-sectoral integration

• Enabling environment

• Institutions

• Management tools

• Implementation frameworks• For IWRM

Framework for water governance

Framework for water infrastructure development

Framework for water and sanitation service delivery

Framework for water efficiency improvements

Addressing vulnerability:Addressing vulnerability:“Vulnerability of Water Resources to Environmental Change in Africa”

Aim:Aim: Managing vulnerability risks at transboundary, national and local, river/lake/groundwater basin and catchment levels

Action: Action: Assessment of effects of environmental and human driven changes on water resources

Impact:Impact: Management and long-term conservation of ecosystems – Strategy and policy development - Awareness creation…

Africa’s high dependence on natural resources makes people vulnerable to environmental change Where are water resources most at riskWhere are water resources most at risk??

BackgroundBackground

We don‘t know yetWe don‘t know yetVulnerability is multifaceted: Climate variability; Pollution; Population growth; Competition over water; Data availability and quality; Knowledge gaps…

Why we need vulnerability assessmentsWhy we need vulnerability assessments People already live on the threshold Ecosystems are at high risk

For whom it is importantFor whom it is importantGovernment, Policy and decision-makers and affected communities...

Where are water resources most at riskWhere are water resources most at risk??

The river, lake, groundwater basin approachThe river, lake, groundwater basin approach

Basin approach supposes:Basin approach supposes:

Balances resource protection and utilization Considers all components hydrological cycle Incorporates IWRM principles

(equity / efficiency / sustainability)

Seeks to maintain a balance between competing pressuresSeeks to maintain a balance between competing pressures

Resource integrity in the long-term Social upliftment and advancement Economic growth and use of environmental resources

Cluster Parameter * Vulnerability Indicator*

Climate Rainfall, Evapotranspiration

Aridity

Ecosystems

Water dependency Land use Landcover Stream flow

Hydrology Storage Quality

Physiography

Hydrogeology Yield Recharge

Water Availability Desertification Storage and Supply

Infrastructure

Demography

Socio- Economy

Economy

Population Size and Distribution

HIV-AIDS/ Water-Related Diseases

Water Demand Water Supply Value of Water

Population Density and Growth

Poverty Access to Water Water Use Conflicts

Legislation

Policies Acts Regulations Guidelines

Institutional

Adherence to IWRM principles

Human Resources

Sector reform Implementation and

adaptive capacity Management

Knowledge Literature/reports Data availability,

gaps, and quality

Wa

ter S

carc

ity

Key parameters and indicatorsKey parameters and indicators

Key parameters and indicatorsKey parameters and indicators

Water Water ScarcityScarcity

PhysiographyPhysiography

Socio-EconomySocio-Economy

ManagementManagement

ClimateClimateEcosystemsEcosystemsSurface WaterSurface WaterGroundwaterGroundwater

DemographyDemographyEconomyEconomy

LegislationLegislationInstitutionalInstitutionalKnowledgeKnowledge

ClusterClusterWater Water

AvailabilityAvailability

Water UseWater Use

IndicatorIndicator

Cluster Parameter * Vulnerability Indicator*

Climate Rainfall, Evapotranspiration

Aridity

Ecosystems

Water dependency Land use Landcover Stream flow

Hydrology Storage Quality

Physiography

Hydrogeology Yield Recharge

Water Availability Desertification Storage and Supply

Infrastructure

Demography

Socio- Economy

Economy

Population Size and Distribution

HIV-AIDS/ Water-Related Diseases

Water Demand Water Supply Value of Water

Population Density and Growth

Poverty Access to Water Water Use Conflicts

Legislation

Policies Acts Regulations Guidelines

Institutional

Adherence to IWRM principles

Human Resources

Sector reform Implementation and

adaptive capacity Management

Knowledge Literature/reports Data availability,

gaps, and quality

Water S

carcity

PhysiographyPhysiography

Climate Extreme events and impacts

Ecosystems Impacts of land use changes

Surface Water Distribution, quantity and quality Storage and supply infrastructureGroundwater

Socio-EconomySocio-Economy

Demography Population growth and urbanisation Water related diseases and HIV/Aids Access to safe water and sanitation services Water use Water related conflicts

Economy

Management Management

Legislation Governance of water resources Implementation and adaptive capacity (finances, human res.)Institutional

Knowledge Data availability and quality Knowledge gaps (climate change, water pollution, water res.)

Key issues, adaptation and mitigationKey issues, adaptation and mitigation

Northern AfricaNorthern AfricaNile River BasinNile River BasinNubian Groundwater BasinNubian Groundwater Basin

Nile River and Nubian Groundwater BasinsNile River and Nubian Groundwater Basins

Vulnerable: high aridity, low water availability, high poverty and moderate management

Western AfricaWestern AfricaSenegal and Niger River BasinsSenegal and Niger River Basins

Senegal and Niger River BasinsSenegal and Niger River BasinsHigh aridity, low water availability, water scarcity

Vulnerable: high poverty, delayed sector reform, very low adaptive capacity

Southern AfricaSouthern AfricaZambezi and Orange River BasinsZambezi and Orange River Basins

Zambezi and Orange River BasinsZambezi and Orange River Basins

Cluster Vulnerability Indicator Zambezi River Basin Orange River Basin Aridity <20% of the area >50% Water Availability Vulnerable Stressed

Physiography Storage and Supply Infrastructure

Well developed - middle course

Highly developed - upstream

Population Density 18 p/km2; downstream increase; variable

12 p/km2; upstream increase; variable

Access to Safe Water Urban ~70%, Rural ~45%; highly variable

Urban ~70%, Rural ~45%; variable

Water Use Agriculture ~80% Agriculture ~60% Poverty Higher Lower

Socio- Economy

Conflicts Eastern Caprivi region Lower Orange River Sector reform In progress Advanced Implementation and adaptive capacity Moderate to bad Reasonable Management Data availability, gaps, and quality Moderate to bad Reasonable

High aridity, low water availability, water scarcity

Vulnerable: inadequate access, management and poverty

Key Issues – 1Key Issues – 1

Ph

ysiog

raph

y

Climate change & variability

Increased frequency of droughts and floods Small reduction in Rainfall Large reduction in river flow

……Persistent drought in the Sahel since 1970s…Persistent drought in the Sahel since 1970s…(includes largest part of Niger River Basin)(includes largest part of Niger River Basin)

Ecosystems

Biodiversity Desertification Wetland degradation

……Deteriorating ecosystem integrity Lake Victoria Basin…Deteriorating ecosystem integrity Lake Victoria Basin…

Surface Water Limited resources, unevenly distributed & over-exploited

……Nubian Sst Aquifer Basin: non-renewable water resource…Nubian Sst Aquifer Basin: non-renewable water resource… Pollution

……Industrial & municipal effluent loading Orange River Basin…Industrial & municipal effluent loading Orange River Basin…Groundwater

Key IssuesKey Issues

Key Issues – 2Key Issues – 2

So

cio-E

con

om

y

Demography

High population growth rate in urban areas Water related diseases and HIV/Aids

……Southern Africa has the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS…Southern Africa has the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS… Poor water and sanitation coverage and service delivery

……Inadequate access to clean water and sanitation inInadequate access to clean water and sanitation inperi-urban and rural areas…peri-urban and rural areas…

Agriculture most important economic activity and biggest water consumer (80%) Competition for water

……High competition between irrigators and hydropower inHigh competition between irrigators and hydropower inRufiji Basin…Rufiji Basin…

Economy

Key Issues – 3Key Issues – 3

Man

agem

ent

Legislation Water legislation Inadequate institutional strength and capacity

..Establishment of Co-operative Frameworks for Managing ..Establishment of Co-operative Frameworks for Managing Shared Waters in the context of IWRM..Shared Waters in the context of IWRM..

Institutional

Knowledge

Data access, sharing, reliability and standardisation Monitoring Knowledge Gaps

- Insufficient insight into climate change and variability - Water pollution inadequately addressed - Groundwater recharge largely unknown - Environmental Flow Requirements largely unknown

Water Scarcity Water Scarcity

Water resources are at risk andWater resources are at risk andwater stress is expected to increase…water stress is expected to increase…

Adaptation and Mitigation OptionsAdaptation and Mitigation Options

Institutional & Legislative Framework

Water Sector Reforms Managing (shared) waters and ecosystems Communities' responses to water stress

Capacity Building Capacity enhancement programmes

Data & Monitoring

Data rescue Standardized assessments Monitoring for improved early warning systems and effective water management

Technologies

Surface / groundwater storage and use Rainwater harvesting Improvement urban water supply Investment in wastewater treatment Improvements in agricultural techniques Water Trade