Introduction to the

Philosophy of Human

Person Quarter 1 – Module 3:

Doing Philosophy

Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 3: Doing Philosophical Reflection on a Concrete Situation from a Holistic Perspective First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

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Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ely S. Alpe, Jr.

Editor: Joel Valenzuela

Reviewer: Rodrigo M. Rodriguez Jr.

Illustrator: Sonny Bhoy L. Flores

Layout Artist: Ricky P. Torrenueva

Management Team: Edna Faura-Agustin, Schools Division Superintendent

Edgardo M. Militante, Asst. SDS

Mary Ann L. Tatlongmaria, EdD, CID Chief

Evelyn P. De Castro, EPS-LRMS

Joel L. Valenzuela, Division ADM Coordinator

Introduction to the

Philosophy of Human Person

Quarter 1 – Module 3:

Doing Philosophy

ii

Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person – Grade 12

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Doing Philosophical Reflection on a

Concrete Situation from a Holistic Perspective!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both

from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping

the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming

their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent

learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help

learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their

needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of

the module:

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.

You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage

their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the

learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that

will help you in guiding the learners.

iii

For the learner:

Welcome to the Philosophy of Human Person – Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Doing Philosophical Reflection on a Concrete Situation from a

Holistic Perspective!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to

depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and

accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner

is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and

skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for

guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to

process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know

This will give you an idea of the skills or

competencies you are expected to learn in the

module.

What I Know

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the

lesson to take. If you get all the answers

correct (100%), you may decide to skip this

module.

What’s In

This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New

In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a

story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an

activity or a situation.

What is It

This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and

understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and

skills of the topic. You may check the

answers to the exercises using the Answer

Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned

This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process

what you learned from the lesson.

iv

What I Can Do

This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill

into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment

This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning

competency.

Additional Activities

In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the

lesson learned. This also tends retention of

learned concepts.

Answer Key

This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.

2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module.

3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not

hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are

not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and

gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master

the nature of Philosophy. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many

different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary

level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the

course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with

the textbook you are now using.

This module consists of 1 lesson:

• Doing Philosophy: A philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• Recall and reflect on your strongly held beliefs

• Understand philosophical views of different philosophers

• Differentiate Eastern and Western Philosophy

• Appreciate why philosophizing is important

• Realize that philosophical reflection is the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life.

• Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective

What I Know

Direction: Multiple Choices: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your

answer on a separate answer sheet.

1. Which does NOT show how valuable doing philosophy is?

A. Search for meaning is achieved through philosophy B. Philosophy as a pursuit of a way of life is defined C. Critical and analytical thinkers are produced D. Philosophy’s questions can be answered by scientific method

2. Which question will lead to holistic perspective?

A. What is your name? C. Where do you live?

B. Why do you exist? D. How will you fulfill your dreams

3. “Which came first? Is it the chicken or is it the egg?” Which answer expresses

holistic perspective?

A. Alphabetically, it is the chicken. B. Biblically, it is the chicken because Noah put a pair of them inside the

ark.

C. It depends on one’s point of view: from developmental or reproductive point

of view.

D. It is the egg.

4. Which does not lead to a philosophical reflection?

A. Is one plus one equal to two? C. Does God exist?

B. What is the meaning of your life? D. Why do you live?

5. Who among these students expresses analytic philosophy?

Jacques: “Analyze and define the fundamental concepts.”

Vaughn: “Examine your beliefs.”

Vladimir: “Criticize your assumptions.”

Marcus: “Remove your biases.”

A. Jacques only B. Jacques & Vaughn C. Vladimir D. All of them

6. Why was Western Philosophy considered revolutionary?

A. Because of the rebellious attitudes of the Greek thinkers. B. Because of it explained nature through man’s recognized rationality and

not based on mythology.

C. Because while philosophizing, they are also practicing religion. D. Because they look at man as one with the world.

7. Which is NOT a fundamental task of Analytic Philosophy?

A. Analyze your fundamental concepts C. Define your fundamental concepts

B. Criticize your beliefs D. Defend your beliefs

8. Which does NOT state the worth of philosophy?

A. Philosophy gives us venue and an excuse for criticizing and examining our concepts and beliefs in order to gain a broader perspective in life.

B. Philosophy is a new way of looking at things. C. Philosophy is a pursuit of a new life. D. Philosophy is dead.

9. Which approach in philosophy tries to find an underlying explanation or general

principle that could explain reality in its entirety?

A. Critical Philosophy C. Analytical Philosophy B. Metaphysical Philosophy D. Philosophy of man

10. Which describes an Eastern Philosophy?

A. The quest for knowledge if for its own sake. B. Thales and other Milesians come from the East. C. There is no dichotomy between man and the objective world. D. Philosophy is a mother discipline out of which the other sciences

emerged.

Lesson

3 Doing Philosophical Reflection

on a Concrete Situation from a

Holistic Perspective

What’s In

Activity 1: Think and Write. Put your answer on a separate answer sheet.

1. List down three (3) of your most strongly held beliefs. 2. Give your justification or reason why you believe them.

Beliefs Reason for Believing

1.

2.

3.

Activity 2: Look and Analyze. Observe the three images as well as the questions,

the conversation, and a statement. Put your reactions to each image on a separate

answer sheet.

___________________________________

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What’s New

Activity 3: Watch a 8:43 minute Video Clip. After watching, reflect on the

following significant points.

Link: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBTnhWEWf38)

1. Doing philosophy means to ask questions, to reflect, and to formulate and evaluate arguments.

2. Socrates argued that philosophy begins in wonder or in the act of being perplexed.

3. Aristotle said that when one is perplexed one

begins to think, in the sense, one begins to philosophize.

4. Gabriel Marcel stated that a philosophical reflection is a skill

that one should master as a philosopher. This reflection is

deeply personal and intimately anchored on day-to-day

existence.

5. Philosophical reflection is the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life.

What is It

Let’s start by answering these questions: “What is your idea about critical and

analytical thinking? How can you apply the lesson on analytic philosophy in your

everyday life?”

One of the most common beliefs that we hold as “true” is related to a black

cat crossing our path. Although we are convinced that this is just a superstitious

belief (n. superstition, means a belief or notion, not based on reason or knowledge), we

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cannot deny that there are a few people who to become safe just do certain rituals to

avoid any incident that could be connected with such belief. To philosophize is to

hold on beliefs that must be based on reason, beliefs that are rational and not

irrational. Examine how the two cultures, the east and the west, developed their

philosophy.

Doing Philosophy: West and East

The Western Philosophy was revolutionary because it went against tradition

(mythology). They explained nature through man’s recognized rationality and ability

to coherent thought. The western tradition’s quest for knowledge ends for its own

sake. From the triumvirates of the Milesians: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes

to other great Greek thinkers, the search for the reality about nature seemingly

intended to simply finding out the truth about the “cosmos”, but essentially their

attempts contributed much in enriching this quest for knowledge.

The Eastern Philosophy while philosophizing, was also practicing religion.

There is no dichotomy (a division or contrast between two things that are represented

as being opposed or entirely different) between man and the objective world. They

look at man as being one with the world. Philosophy is a way of life. (Philosophers:

Mencius, Lao-Tzu, Confucius)

Why do we philosophize?

Many argued on the role of philosophy in our lives. For some, “philosophy is

dead” which means that it has no significance now a days. Another some would say

that “philosophy is only for philosophers.” While still others would claim that

regardless of our status in life, whether we study philosophy or not, whether we are

philosophers or not, we have the ability to philosophize in so far as we have moments

of wonders and doubts. As we reflect on our experiences, we find answers to our

questions, and these answers will eventually lead us to another sets of questions,

until we realize that we are in our way to never-ending necessity to learn and re-

learn as well as discover and rediscover.

Plato, a Greek philosopher, traced this necessity of man to philosophize to

his sense of wonder. According to him, when we confront a particular

experience, we have the tendency to wonder why and how things came to

be. In other words, we become conscious of the events that happen in our

lives which drive us to think, ask questions, and reflect. From a

philosophical question, we then develop a philosophical reflection.

A 15th C. French philosopher, Rene Descartes, traced this necessity of

man to philosophize to his sense of doubt. He doubts everything except

his own existence. His famous line: “Cogito ergo sum” or “I think therefore

I exist” capsulized his philosophy of doubt. His starting point is to reject,

to question, and to doubt everything including his own ideas. This

contributed much to the critical thinking and analysis in the field of

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sciences. It gave birth to the scientific hypothesis where something to be concluded

as scientifical truth, it must undergo a scientific method of testing and verifying the

hypothesis. But, the fact that he (Descartes) is thinking, he cannot deny this

existence.

A 20th C. Swiss-German philosopher, Karl Jaspers, traced this necessity

of man to philosophize to his sense of experience. For him man is always

confronted with a lot of experiences of different kinds, some are pleasant

while others are challenging. These experiences challenge his ideas and

frameworks, which according to him, are experiences that limit

situations. These are often accompanied by feelings of helplessness,

anxiety, or dread. Now, for Jaspers, philosophy’s role enters because it

provides us a means to understand adverse or challenging conditions, and to rise

above them and eventually gain new knowledge and perspectives.

We can also trace this necessity of man to philosophize to his sense of love

and wisdom. As we etymologically define it, philosophy is love of wisdom. To love

wisdom means to have strong desire for truth. A lover of wisdom does not settle for

less truth when he knows that he can find something great about a truth. As to its

real definition, philosophy searches for the ultimate causes of everything that exists.

It continues to question the answers as it continues to answer the

questions. One of the great philosophers taught us a very significant

way of knowing, that is, accepting the fact that a fact is unknown to us.

His famous line is “I know that I do not know.” The philosopher who

popularized this perspective is Socrates. Being wise has its way from

being ignorant. By accepting that one is in the state of ignorance that

he begins to learn and understand. Philosophical reflection was

further enhanced because of his another famous line: “An unexamined life is not

worth living”. Philosophy therefore is nothing but a way of examining one’s life.

Approaches in Doing Philosophy

1. Critical or Analytic Philosophy

Fundamental Tasks:

a. Analyze and define your fundamental concepts

“Are you aware of the nuances (a subtle differences in or meaning, expression,

or sound) in meaning of the use of concepts that you use?”

Example: Which came first? Is it the chicken or is it the egg?

Apply analytic philosophy:

- Understanding verbal disagreement: coming first “What do you mean by this phrase? In what sense are you using this phrase?”

1. From the reproductive standpoint: chicken

2. From the developmental standpoint: egg

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b. Criticize your beliefs

Beliefs are often based on our prejudices (pre-convinced opinion that is not

abased on reason or actual experience).

Ex. Your bias against Muslims.

“You need philosophy to free yourself from your prejudices”

2. Speculative or Metaphysical Philosophy

- It tries to find an underlying explanation or general principle that could

explain reality in its entirety.

- It aims to reach some general conclusions as to the nature of the universe;

and as to our position and prospects in it. It is an attempt to think

synoptically of all the facts.

Example:

The attempts of the pre-Socratic philosophers to explain reality.

Abstraction: The process of extracting a unifying explanation from the multiplicity

of the things around.

What’s More

Activity 4: Share your insights. Answer the following questions:

1. Are there beliefs that you may have questioned as you go through with your life? Give examples.

2. Have you examined your evidence for believing in them? How? 3. Do you find them worth holding on to amidst this scrutiny? Why?

What I Have Learned

Activity 5: Check your understanding. Sentence Completion: Supply the missing

word/s to form a concept. Write your answers on a separate work sheet.

1. __________________ means to ask questions, to reflect, and to formulate and evaluate arguments.

2. Socrates argued that philosophy begins in __________ or in the act of being perplexed.

3. Gabriel Marcel stated that a ___________________ is a skill that one should master as a philosopher.

4. The ______________ was revolutionary because it went against tradition (mythology); while _________________ considered philosophy as a way of life.

5. _______ traced the necessity of man to philosophize to his sense of

wonder.

6. _______ traced this necessity of man to philosophize to his sense of doubt. 7. _______ traced this necessity of man to philosophize to his sense of experience. 8. By accepting that one is in the state of ___________ that he begins to learn and

understand.

9. “An unexamined life is not ____________,” Socrates said.

10. You need philosophy to free yourself from your _____________

What I Can Do

Activity 6: Draw what you think. Illustrate your holistic perspective of your life.

You may use a digital way of creating your visualization or a traditional paper and

pen (other drawing materials). Focus on your experiences that displays the meaning

and purpose of your life.

Rubrics

Criteria Rating

The information and message are clearly displayed 1 2 3 4 5

The creativity and aesthetic value are shown 1 2 3 4 5

Effectiveness and efficiency of accomplishing the task

are observed 1 2 3 4 5

Total (15 pts)

Assessment

A. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on

a separate sheet of paper.

1. The following provide us an understanding of doing philosophy EXCEPT.

A. It means to ask questions C. It means to evaluate arguments

B. It means to formulate arguments D. It means to justify your belief

2. A philosophical reflection is a skill that one should master as a philosopher. This

reflection is deeply personal and intimately anchored on day-to-day existence.

Whose idea is this?

A. Plato B. Socrates C. Gabriel Marcel D. Karl Jaspers

3. Which does it mean by “to philosophize”?

A. It means to hold on beliefs that must be based on reason, beliefs that rational.

B. It means to find justifications of beliefs that are irrational.

C. It means to engage into arguments whether rational or irrational.

D. It means to experience life.

4. How do you do a philosophical reflection?

A. By giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of your life.

B. By wondering on the events that happen in your life.

C. By doubting everything that exists around you.

D. By doing nothing.

5. Which correctly differentiates Eastern and Western Philosophies?

A. Eastern philosophy is having a quest for knowledge and ends for its own sake,

while western philosophy is a way of life.

B. Eastern philosophy is known for its act of unifying man with nature, while Western philosophy is known for its way of searching for the substance of

nature.

C. Eastern philosophers include the Milesians, while Lao Tzu belongs to Western philosophy.

D. There’s no substantial distinction between Eastern and Western Philosophies.

6. Which describes Plato’s philosophy?

A. He traced the necessity of man to philosophize to his sense of wonder.

B. He traced the necessity of man to philosophize to his sense of doubt.

C. He traced the necessity of man to philosophize to his sense of experience.

D. He traced the necessity of man to philosophize to his sense of love for wisdom.

7. Which does NOT describe Plato’s philosophy?

A. When we experience, we tend to wonder why and how things came to be.

B. Our curiosity drives us to think, to question, and to reflect.

C. Our experiences limit situations.

D. Philosophical question leads to philosophical reflection.

8. Who popularize the line: “Cogito ergo sum”?

A. Plato B. Descartes C. Aristotle D. Jaspers

9. How do you have to perceive the statement: “I know that I do not know”?

A. Acceptance of ignorance can liberate you from further interrogations.

B. Acceptance of ignorance means humility on your part.

C. Acceptance of ignorance leads to knowledge and understanding.

D. Acceptance of ignorance is normal.

10. Which is NOT a fundamental task of Analytic Philosophy?

A. Analyze your fundamental concepts B. Criticize your beliefs C. Define your fundamental concepts D. Defend your beliefs

11. Which does NOT state the worth of philosophy?

A. Philosophy gives us venue and an excuse for criticizing and examining our

concepts and beliefs in order to gain a broader perspective in life.

B. Philosophy is a new way of looking at things.

C. Philosophy is a pursuit of a new life.

D. Philosophy is useless in the cyber world.

12. Which approach in philosophy tries to find an underlying explanation or

general principle that could explain reality in its entirety?

A. Critical Philosophy C. Analytical Philosophy B. Metaphysical Philosophy D. Philosophy of man

13. “Which came first? Is it the chicken or is it the egg?” Which answer expresses

holistic perspective?

A. Alphabetically, it is the chicken.

B. Biblically, it is the chicken because Noah put a pair of them inside the ark.

C. It depends on one’s point of view: from developmental or reproductive point

of view.

C. It is the egg.

14. Which does not lead to a philosophical reflection?

A. Is one plus one equal to two? C. Does God exist?

B. What is the meaning of your life? D. Why do you live?

15. Who among these students expresses analytic philosophy?

Jacques: “Analyze and define the fundamental concepts.”

Vaughn: “Examine your beliefs.”

Vladimir: “Criticize your assumptions.”

Marcus: “Remove your biases.”

A. Jacques only B. Jacques & Vaughn C. Vladimir D. All of them

Additional Activities

Activity 6: Think to Act. Write a reflection on this topic: “My Philosophical

Reflection”.

Follow this format:

I. What I learned: Write a statement or phrase that has great impact on you II. What I experienced: Narrate a true-to-life story/event that you recalled

because of the topic discussed.

III. What I realized: State your insight. It must be related to I and II. IV. What I plan to do: Enumerate plan of actions that you want to accomplish

to apply your learning of this topic.

Answer Key

What I know

1.D 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.D 9.B 10.C

Assessment

1.D 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.A

What I learned

1.Doing philosophy 2.wonder 3.philosophical

reflection 4.Western

philosophy, Eastern philosophy

5.Plato 6.Rene Descartes 7.Karl Jaspers 8.ignorance 9.worth living 10.prejudices

Rubric for Essay

Mechanics Excellent

5

Proficient

4

Basic

3

Below Basic

2

Organization

-Specific

introduction and

conclusion

-Sequenced

material within

the body

-Cohesive

presentation

content

-Specific

introduction and

conclusion

-Sequenced

material within

the body

-Cohesive

presentation

content

-Specific

introduction and

conclusion

-Sequenced

material within the

body is

inconsistent

-Specific introduction

and conclusion

-No sequence in

material

Language

-Enhance the

effectiveness of

the presentation

-Correct

grammar

-Appropriate to

audience

- No

pronunciation

mistakes

-Support the

effectiveness of the

presentation

-Correct grammar

-Appropriate to

audience

-Very few

pronunciation

mistakes

-Not interesting

-Partially support

the effectiveness of

the presentation

-Correct grammar

-Appropriate to

audience

Some

pronunciation

mistakes

-Unclear

-Minimally support

the effectiveness of

the presentation

-Occasional mistakes

in grammar

-Appropriate to

audience

-Several

pronunciation

mistakes

Delivery

-Good posture

-Eye contact

with the

audience most of

the time

-Appropriate

gesture and

expression

-Deliverance

with confidence

-Full group

participation

-Good posture

-Frequent eye

contact with the

audience

-Appropriate

gesture and

expression

-Almost full group

participation

-Intermitted good

posture

-Occasional eye

contact with the

audience

-Appropriate

gesture and

expression

-Partial group

presentation

-Poor posture

-Seldom eye contact

with the audience

-Not enough or too

much gesture and

expression

-One-person

presentation.

Content

-Student

discusses the

subject in great

details.

-Student

describes in

detail about their

findings

-Student indicate

what they have

learnt

-Student

discusses the

subject with some

details.

-Student outlines

their finding

-Student show

what they have

learnt

-Student discusses

the subject with a

few details.

-Student do not

outline their

finding

-Student's

misconceptions are

still seen

-Student discuss the

subject with very

minimal details.

-Students do not

outline what they

have learnt

-Students still sound

confused on this topic

References

Bernardo, Juanito Philip V (2016). Introduction to Philosophy of the Human

Person: JFS Publishing Services, Manila.

Guevarra, Geoffrey A (2016). Pambungad sa Pilosopiya ng Tao (Batayang Aklat):

Rex Book Store, Inc., Manila.

Sioco, Maria Paula and Vinzonsm Ignatius (2016). Introduction to the Philosophy of

the Human Person: Vibal Group, Inc., Quezon City.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBTnhWEWf38

https://paulcpw.blogspot.com/2019/10/black-cat-crossing-street.html

https://steemit.com/superstition/@archerized/most-common-superstitions-black-

cat-passing-your-way-the-truth-and-logics-parti

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSEbwVu7UrU

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Socrates

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Plato

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karl-Jaspers

https://cabrinimissionmatters.wordpress.com/2014/10/14/gabriel-marcel-and-

emmanuel-mounier-the-philosophical-and-political-facets-of-engagement/

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph