Introduction to the Human Body

Chapter 1

Learning Objectives

• Anatomy v Physiology

• Homeostasis

• Negative feedback

• Levels of Organization

• Anatomical Terms, Position, and Planes

• Regional Terms

• Body cavities

• Quadrants

Anatomy v Physiology

Anatomy

• Studies structure of the body

• The “what”

• Heart, lung, etc.

Physiology

• Studies body functions

• The “how”

• How does blood get oxygen? How does food get broken down?

• Pathophysiology?

Structure and function are closely related

Homeostasis

• Maintaining stable internal environment

• Example: Thermostat set to 70o

• Negative Feedback

• Regulating homeostasis

• “turn on”

• “turn off”

• Example: Thermostat, AC unit

Levels of Organization

Levels of Organization

Smallest to Largest:

a. Atoms – H , O , C , Na+ , K+ , Ca2+

b. Molecules – H2O , O2 , CO2 , C6H12O6

c. Cells

d. Tissues

e. Organs – Heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, etc.

f. Organ System – Cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.

g. Organism

Anatomical Position

Standard Anatomical Position

• Body is erect

• Facing anterior

• Arms at the side with palms facing anterior or supine

Directional Terminology

• Anterior (or ventral) –“front”

• Posterior (or dorsal) –“back”

• Superior – “top”

• Inferior – “bottom”

Directional Terminology

• Lateral – “away from midline”

• Medial – “towards the midline”

• Proximal – “towards point of attachment”

• Distal – “away from point of attachment”

Other Directional Terms

• Central and Peripheral

– “center”, “away from center”

• Superficial and Deep

– “towards the surface”, “away from the surface”

• Other Directional terms will be seen later during the term

PRACTICE

Anatomical Terms and Directions

Planes of the Body

• Sagittal

• Mid-sagittal

• Frontal (or Coronal)

• Transverse

• Oblique

Regional TermsIdentify:

• Facial, Cranial, Jugular notch

• Abdominal

• Buccal

• Brachial

• Caudal

• Cervical

• Deltoid

• Sacral

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

Regional Terms

Identify:

• Gluteal

• Inguinal

• Lumbar

• Occipital

• Oral

• Orbital

A

B

C

D

E

F

Regional Terms

Identify:

• Pectoral

• Pubic

• Sacral

• Scapular

• Sternal

A

B

DE

C

Regional Terms

Identify:

• Brachial

• Antebrachial

• Antecubital

• Manual

– Palmar

– Dorsal

A

B

CD

E

F

Regional Terms

Identify:

• Femoral

• Crural

• Sural

• Pedal

– Plantar

– Dorsal

A

B

C

DE

F

Regional Terms

• Lots more terms! (sorry)

• Word bank at the bottom

• Practice!

A

C

B

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

Body Cavities

• Page 9 in textbook

• Dorsal (posterior) cavities– Cranial

– Spinal

• Ventral (anterior) cavities– Thoracic

– Abdominopelvic

• Diaphragm!

Body Cavities

• Page 9 in textbook

• Thoracic cavity

– Mediastinum

– Pleural

Abdominal Quadrants

• (in class)

• Page 11 textbook

GROUP ACTIVITY!