introduction to surveying chapter -one- · “the principles of surveying ... surveying chain. •...

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Chapter -One-

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Introduction to Surveying

Ishik University / Sulaimani Assistant Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa

Assistant Lecturer : Asmaa Abdulmajeed

Research Assistant: Zanyar Bazyan

Course Title : Surveying 1

Course Code : CE 215

Class No : S. 205

Email : [email protected]

Office Hours : Thur. 14:00 - 16:00

Credit : 3

Lecture : 2 hrs Theory + 2 hrs Practical

Website : http://www.sul.ishik.edu.iq/asmaa.abdulmajeed

Grade : 2nd

Year : 2017 - 2018

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GENERAL INFORMATION

FALL 2016

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.sul.ishik.edu.iq/asmaa.abdulmajeed

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“The Principles of Surveying” , by J. Clendinning, 2nd Edition, 1960.

“Surveying Principles and Applications” by Barry F. Kavanagh, 5th Edition,

Prentice Hall, 1989.

“Engineering Surveying”, by W. Schofield and M. Breach, 6th Edition, 2007.

Internet Sources.

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Recommended Reference Books

Required Textbook

“Surveying , Problem Solving with Theory and Objective Type Questions”,

by Dr. A. M. Chandra, 2005.

“Surveying with Construction Application”, Barry F. Kavanagh, 7th

Edition, Prentice Hall, 2010.

• Weekly Quizzes : 10%

• Assignments : 10%

• Reports : 10%

• Mid-term Exam : 30%

• Final Exam : 40%

• Assignments :

• Approximately (10) homework assignments will be given during

the term. These assignments are very important. Their purpose is

to promote your understanding of the course material, and to

provide needed practice with example problems that are too

lengthy to discuss in class. It is your responsibility to complete

each homework assignment within one week of distribution.

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GRADING POLICY

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Weekly Quizzes :

Except for the week corresponding to the midterm, weekly quizzes

will be given once per week, during the first fifteen minutes of

lecture. In the Quiz, you will be expected to solve one of the

questions from the previous week’s subject (possibly with slight

alterations in the numbers). The weekly quizzes will be completely

closed book although calculators will be allowed.

Midterms and Exam :

One midterms will be scheduled in addition to the final

examination. Midterm and the final exam will be closed book. You

will also be allowed to use a non-communicating calculator.

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Syllabus / Practical Survey

1. Ranging and linear distance measurement

2. Setting up level instrument

3. Level and leveling

4. Simple Leveling

5. Permanent adjustment of level

6. Differential leveling

7. Fly leveling

8. Reciprocal leveling

9. Profile and cross sectional leveling

10. Contour

https://www.google.iq/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwirwJyUusDPAhVHtBQKHWYdASUQjRwIBw&url=http://www.chesskids.me.uk/ckbook/quizzes.htm&psig=AFQjCNEDj8DzFgi1jtBQ6iK0udjz3-gOgQ&ust=1475646605422281

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Syllabus / Theoretical Survey

1. Introduction to surveying

2. Basics of surveying

3. Tape Correction

4. Distance Measurement

5. Leveling

6. Methods of levelling and their uses

7. Differential leveling

8. Fly leveling

9. Profile and cross section leveling

10. Contour

11. Area and Volume

CHAPTER -1- Surveying Fundamentals

1.1 Surveying Defined

1.2 Importance of Surveying to Civil Engineers

1.3 Objectives of Surveying

1.4 Types of Surveys

1.5 Classes of Surveys

1.6 Definitions

1.7 Surveying Instruments

1.8 Units of Measurement

1.9 Accuracy and Precision

1.10 Errors

1.11 Accuracy Ratio

1.12 Stationing

1.13 Types of Construction Projects

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CONTENTS


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“Surveying is the art and science of determining the relative

positions of various points or stations on the surface of the

earth by measuring the horizontal and vertical distances,

angles, and taking the details of these points and by preparing

a map or plan to any suitable scale.”

What is surveying?

1.1 SURVEYING DEFINED

CHAPTER -1- BASICS OF SURVEYING


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The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as

construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc. are based upon

surveying measurements.

Moreover, during execution, project of any magnitude is constructed

along the lines and points established by surveying.

Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering projects.

Other principal works in which surveying is primarily utilized are :

• to fix the national and state boundaries;

• to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;

• to establish control points;

• to execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and mapping; and

• to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth.

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF SURVEYING TO CIVIL

ENGINEERS


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• To select techniques, equipments for making decision; (Decision

making).

• To collect field data; (Fieldwork).

• To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed; (Mapping).

• To analyze and to calculate the field parameters for setting out

operation of actual engineering works. (Data processing)

• To set out field parameters at the site for further engineering

works. (Reporting).

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SURVEYING


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Because the use of mathematical techniques to analyze field data,

accuracy and reliability depends on understanding scientific

principles underlying and affecting survey measurement.

Why it is scientific?

Because only a surveyor who possesses through understanding of

surveying techniques will be able to determine the most efficient

methods required to obtain optimal results over a wide variety of

surveying problems.

Why it is an art?


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What is measured ?

1. Distances ;

to calculate areas, volumes ,etc..

to draw maps, plans , etc..

2. Angles ;

Both horizontal and vertical angles

3. Heights ;

Levels or elevations


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There are two types of surveying:

1. Plane (plain) surveying:

Earth surface is considered a plan of x-y dimensions.

- Z-dimension (height) referenced to the mass spherical surface of

the earth , mean sea level (MSL).

- Most engineering and property survey are plane survey

correction to curvature is made

for long strips (Higher).

1.4 TYPES OF SURVEYING


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2. Geodetic surveying:

Earth surface is considered spherical in resolution (actually

ellipsoid) x-y. for

- Z is referenced to MSL (surface of earth).

-Very precise surveys (boundaries and coastal networks).

15 Ishik University / Sulaimani Assistant Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa

a. Preliminary survey: (data gathering ) is the gathering of data

(distances, position and angles) to locate physical features (rivers,

roads, structures) so that data can be plotted to scale (map or plan),

Preliminary surveys also include the determination of differences in

elevation(Vertical Distances) so that elevations and contours may

also be plotted.

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1.5 CLASSES OF SURVEY

b. Layout survey: Marking on the ground using sticks iron bar or

concrete monuments. The features shown on a design plan

features:

- Property lines (subdivision survey).

- Engineering work (construction survey).

- Z-dimensions are given for x-y directions.


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c. Control survey: used to reference prelim and layout surveys.

d. Horizontal control: arbitrary line tied to prop line or HWY

center or coordinated control stations.

e. Vertical control: Benchmarks: points whose elev. above sea

level is carefully determined.

- In Control survey more care to accuracy.

- Control lines should be easy to re-establish.


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1- Topographic survey: preliminary surveys used to tie earth surface features.

2- Hydrographic survey: preliminary surveys tie underwater feature to surface control line.

3- Route surveys: preliminary, layout and control surveys that range over a narrow but long strip of land (highways, railroads, electricity transmission lines and channels).

4- Property surveys: preliminary, layout and control surveys determine boundary locations for a new map.

5- Aerial survey: preliminary and final surveys convert aerial photograph into scale map using photogram metric tech.

6- Construction survey: layout of engineering work.

7- Final (as built) survey: preliminary surveys tie in features that just have been constructed

1.6 DEFINITIONS


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1.Topographic survey 2.Hydrographic survey 3.Route surveys

4.Property surveys 5.Aerial survey 6.Construction survey Ishik University / Sulaimani Assistant Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa

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1.7 SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

1. SURVEYING CHAIN

The historical method for

measuring distance is the

surveying chain.

• One of the first chains used

in the U.S. was the Gunter’s

chain.

• The Gunter’s chain was a

series of links attached to a

handle which included an

adjustment for wear.

• The chain was 22 yards (66

ft) long.

• In recent years surveyors

have switched to plastic

coated steel chains. Ishik University / Sulaimani Assistant Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa

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*Modern chains are metal strips 100 feet long.

*Modern surveying chains are three standard types.

First foot (cut chain)

Extended foot (add chain)

Fully graduated

MODERN CHAINS


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READING SURVEYING STEEL CHAIN

The first step in reading a surveying chain is to determine the units

that are used.

• Knowing that the chain is 100 feet long, having numbers from

0 to 100 indicates that each number is one foot of distance.

• Each foot has nine (9) lines (10 spaces), therefore each line

represents 1/10 or 0.10 of a foot.

• The reading for this example is 98.6 ft.

Note: this a fully graduated chain


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The first foot or cut chain gets its name from the fact that the

whole foot reading at the head of the chain must be reduced “cut”

by the partial foot.

In this example the pin at the head is on 99 feet and the rear pin

is on 0.4 feet. The distance is 99 - 0.4 or 98.6 feet.

READING A CUT CHAIN


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READING AN ADD CHAIN

The extended foot (add) chain gets its name because an additional

foot is added to each end of the chain.

*The partial foot is added to the foot value at the head of the chain.

*In this example the head pin is on 99 feet an the rear pin is at 0.7

feet. The distance is 99 + 0.7 or 99.7 ft.


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2. STEEL CHAIN

1. Hold holder vertical in the left hand.

2. Attach 100 foot end of the tape with the numbers up.

3. Wind tape up rotating the handle clockwise.

4. Remember to wipe tape with a dry cloth as it is wound onto the handle.

To rewind chain on holder:


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Odometer wheels use different

units on the odometers.

Insure you know the measuring

units before you start to use the

wheel.

3. ODOMETER WHEEL


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4. MEASURING WHEEL

Distance Measuring Wheels are excellent tools

for measuring long distances in a hurry. Some

people call distance measuring wheels

"footage wheels" or "distance calculation

wheels".

To use, simply reset the counter, place the

wheel at the point you want to start measuring,

and roll in a straight direction to the stopping

point, then read the counter. Hence, the reason

they are called a "Rolling Tape Measure".


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5. TAPING IN MEASURING

Tapes are used for more accurate linear measurements in

surveying and are classed according to the material of

which they are made.

TYPES OF TAPES

A. Cloth or linen tape :

Cloth tapes are made up of closely woven linen, 12 to 15 mm wide.

Cloth tapes are used for taking rough measurements such as offsets.

Cloth tapes are available in lengths of 10, 20, 25, and 30 meters and in

33, 50, 66, 100 ft..

Cloth tapes are light and flexible.

They are used for taking rough measurements such as offsets.

End of the tape is provided with a brass ring whose length is included in

the total length of the tape.

Cloth tapes are not used for accurate measurements because:

1)Length of cloth tape is gets altered by stretching.

2)Cloth tape is easy to twist and tangle.

3)Cloth tapes are not so strong. Ishik University / Sulaimani Assistant Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab.

Mustafa

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B. Metallic tape :

A metallic tape is made of varnished strip of

water proof linen interwoven with small brass,

copper or bronze wires.

Due to this tape does not stretch easily as a cloth tape.

They are light in weight and flexible and are not easily broken.

Metallic tapes are particularly useful in cross-sectioning and in some

methods of topographical surveys where small errors in length of the

tape are not given importance.

Metallic tapes are manufactured in lengths of 2, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50

meters.


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C. Steel tape :

A steel tape consists of a light strip of width 6 to 10

mm and is more accurately graduated as compared to

cloth and metal tape.

Steel tapes are available in lengths of 1, 2, 10, 20, 30 and 50 meters.

Steel tapes vary in quality and in accuracy of graduation, but even a poor

steel tape is generally more useful and accurate as compared to cloth or

metallic tape.

Steel tapes are wound on a corrosion resisting metal case with winding

device.

Steel tape is a delicate and light weight instrument hence it cannot withstand

rough usage, should be cleaned, dried and oiled after use so that it does not

get rusted. Ishik University / Sulaimani Assistant Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa

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D. Invar tape :

Invar tapes are available in lengths of 20, 30

and 100 meters.

Invar tapes are used whey high degree of accuracy and precision in

linear measurements is required such as measurement of base lines.

Invar tapes are made of alloys of nickel and steel and have very low

coefficient of thermal expansion.

Invar tapes are more expensive as compared to other tapes.

Main disadvantage of this tape is that it’s length and coefficient of

thermal expansion is not constant. It keeps changing with time.

Therefore it is suggested to determine the length and coefficient of

thermal expansion time to time.


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6. TRANSIT

Transits are the most versatile mechanical instrument. They are also the

most complicated. Most have been supplanted by total stations. You might

still see them in use.


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7. LEVEL

Types of level:

1. Dumpy level

2. Tilting level

3. Automatic level

4. Digital auto level


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1. DUMPY LEVEL


2. TILTING LEVEL

3. AUTO LEVEL 4. DIGITAL LEVEL

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5. THEODOLITE


6. TOTAL STATION

7. GPS RECIEVERS

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1.8 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT


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Ishik University / Sulaimani Assistant Lecturer/ Asmaa Ab. Mustafa 42

1.9 ACCURACY AND PRECISION

Accuracy: is the relationship between the value of a measurement

and the “true” value of the dimension being measured; the greater

the accuracy, the smaller the error.

Precision: describes the degree of refinement with which the

measurement is made. For example, a distance measured four times

with a steel tape by skilled personnel will be more precise than the

same distance measured twice by unskilled personnel using a

fiberglass tape.

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True Dist. Meas. Dist. Error

Cloth tape 157.22 157.20 0.02

Steel tape 157.22 157.23 0.01

Example:


Example:

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Example;


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Example;


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Determine which of the crews is precise and accurate?


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Solution ;


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1.10 ERRORS

What is error?

An error is the difference between a measured, or observed, value and the “true”

value. No measurement can be performed perfectly (except for counting), so

every measurement must contain some error. Errors can be minimized to an

acceptable level by the use of skilled techniques and appropriately precise

equipment. For the purposes of calculating errors, the “true” value of a dimension

is determined statistically after repeated measurements have been taken.

Errors might be the cause of:

-Imperfection in measuring instrument

-Method of measurement

-Natural factors - e.g. temperature, wind, rain

-Random variations in human observation


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Types of Errors in Surveying


1. Systematic errors: are defined as those errors for which the magnitude and

the algebraic sign can be determined. The fact that these errors can be determined

allows the surveyor to eliminate them from the measurements and thus further

improve accuracy.

An example of a systematic error is the effect of temperature on a steel tape. If

the temperature is quite warm, the steel expands, and thus the tape is longer than

normal. For example, at 83°F, a 100-ft steel tape can expand to 100.01 ft, a

systematic error of 0.01 ft. Knowing this error, the surveyor can simply subtract

0.01 ft each time the full tape is used at that temperature.

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2. Random errors: are associated with the skill and vigilance of the surveyor.

Random errors (also known as accidental errors) are introduced into each

measurement mainly because no human can perform perfectly. Random errors

can be illustrated by the following example.

Example ; such as reading 9.64 instead of 6.94,

writing 5.45 instead of 4.54

They are preventable;

• Follow standard procedures

• Know how to use equipment

• Always check your work; use independent ways to check your works

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1.11 ACCURACY RATIO

The accuracy ratio of a measurement or a series of measurements is the ratio of the

error of closure to the distance measured.

To illustrate, a distance is measured and found to be 196.33 ft. The distance was

previously known to be 196.28 ft. The error is 0.05 ft in a distance of 196.28 ft:

Accuracy ratio: Ratio of error of closure to the distance measured

Exp. measured dist. 250.56

known dist. 250.50

error 0.06

Accuracy ratio Typical ratio: 1/3000, 1/5000, 1/10,000, 1/20,000

4200

1

4175

1

50.250

06.0


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1.12 STATIONING

Example: 1042.8 , 555.5 , 7602.8, use 100 unit stations


While surveying, measurements are often taken along a baseline and at right angles to that

baseline. Distances along a baseline are referred to as stations or chainages, and distances

at right angles to the baseline (offset distances) are simple dimensions. The beginning of

the survey baseline—the zero end—is denoted as 0 + 00;

Example: a point 100 ft (m) from the zero end is denoted as 1 + 00; a point 156.73 ft (m)

from the zero end is 1 + 56.73; and so on.

In the preceding discussion, the full stations are at 100-ft (m) intervals, and the half

stations are at even 50-ft (m) intervals. Twenty-meter intervals are often used as the key

partial station in the metric system for preliminary and construction surveys. With the

ongoing changeover to metric units, most municipalities have kept the 100-unit station

(i.e., 1 + 00 = 100 m), whereas highway agencies have adopted the 1,000-unit station

(i.e., 1 + 000 = 1,000 m).


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1.13 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Listed below are the types of construction projects that depend a great deal on the

construction surveyor or engineering surveyor for the successful completion of the

project:

introduction to surveying chapter -one- · “the principles of surveying ... surveying chain. •...

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