introduction to subsea pipe lines
TRANSCRIPT
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Presented by :
Ashok Kumar -01
Gaurav Kumar-02
Harshul Nimje-03
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INTRODUCTION A submarine pipeline (also known
as marine, subsea or offshore pipeline) is a pipeline that is
laid on the seabed or below it inside a trench.
Submarine pipelines are used primarily to carry oil or gas, but
transportation of water is also important.
A distinction is sometimes made between a flowline and a
pipeline. The former is an intrafield pipeline, in the sense that
it is used to connect subsea wellheads, manifolds andthe platform within a particular development field.
The latter, sometimes referred to as an export pipeline, is
used to bring the resource to shore.
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Flowlines Pipelines
Flowlines transport unprocessed
fluid crude oil or gas.
The conveyed fluid can be a multi-
phase fluid possibly with paraffin,
asphaltene, and other solids like
sand, etc.
The flowline is sometimes called a
production line or import line.
Most deepwater flowlines carry veryhigh pressure and high temperature
(HP/HT) fluid.
Pipelines transport processed oil or gas.
The conveyed fluid is a single phase fluid
after separation from oil, gas, water, and
other solids.
The pipeline is also called an export
line.
The pipeline has moderately low
(ambient) temperature and low pressure
just enough to export the fluid to the
destination.
Generally, the size of the pipeline is
greater than the flowline
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NOTE :It is important to distinguish between flowlines and pipelines since the required
design code is different
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SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEM
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PIPE LINE CHARECTREISTCS Submarine pipelines generally vary in diameter from 3
inches (76 mm) to 72 inches (1,800 mm) for high
capacity lines. Wall thicknesses typically range from 10millimetres (0.39 in) to 75 millimetres (3.0 in).
The pipe has to be designed for fluids at hightemperature and pressure. The walls are made fromhigh-yield strength steel, 350-500 MPa (50,000-70,000 psi), weld ability being one of the mainselection criteria.
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Sequence of flow
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Well headplatform
Process +living quarters
Tankeroffloading
Sub seapipeline
Onshore gasterminal
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Modes of hydrocarbon (INDIA)
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FACTORS SEABED.
SOIL CONDITION
SEA MOBILITY
SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES
CURRENTS
WAVES
ICE RELATED ISSUES
PIPE ROUTING
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What can be Transported ? Liquids
Crude Oil
Petroleum Products
Petrochemical Products Chemicals Solids(in slurry
form)
Water
LPG
Gases Natural Gas
Any other Gas
Petrochemical Products Chemicals Solids(in slurry
form)
Coal
Ores
Tailings
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DifferenceOnshore pipelines Submarine pipelines
Cross Country Pipelines
Spur Lines Gathering & Distribution
lines
Trunk lines
Infield pipelines Intra field
Offshore terminals
Effluent outfalls
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Why pipelines? Environment friendly
Least energy requirement
Lowest maintenance costs
Minimal impact on land use pattern
Negligible loss of product in transit
High reliability
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Stages of a Project Conceptual Study
Feasibility Study
Basic Engineering
Detailed Engineering
Construction
Testing & Commissioning
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Conceptual Study Establish System Requirement
Evaluate Constraints on System Design
Identify Interface With Other Systems
Develop Design Data Requirements
Assess Construction Methodology
Finalize the Concept
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Feasibility Study Evaluate Technical Options
Eliminate Unviable Options
Firming up of Process Facilities
Develop Broad System Specifications
Establish Project Cost
Plan Project Implementation Scheme
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Basic Engineering
Finalize Process Scheme & Equipments
Environmental & Process Data Review
Pipeline Routing & Size Optimization
Establish Requirements for
Surveys and Investigations
Material of Construction
Preliminary Analysis
Construction, Testing and Commissioning
Develop Implementation Schedule
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Safety Aspects Environmental Parameter and Soil Data
Pipeline Stability
Shore Approaches
Trenching and Burial
Safety of Existing Facilities
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Detailed Design & Engineering Engineering Design basis
Route Engineering & Surveys
Engineering analysis and Calculations
Specification and Job Standards
Engineering for Procurement
Drawings for Construction
Installation analysis and Procedures
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Construction, Testing &
Commissioning
Pipe Corrosion Concrete& Coating
Welding and Joint Coating Pipeline Laying
Specialty Items Installation
Riser Installation
Pipeline Crossing Installation
Testing, Dewatering, Drying and Commissioning
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Surveys The marine survey includes all operations required toobtain the bathymetry, morphology of the sea bottom
and shallow geology
Geo-physical & Geo-technical Surveys Platform Approach / Riser Face Survey
20Indian Maritime University - Visakhapatnam CampusFig : observations
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Route Selection The shortest distance between end points may result in
minimum material costs,
But may not necessarily be the optimum pipeline route
Routing Considerations
Low cost (select the most direct and shortest P/L route)
Seabed topography (faults, outcrops, slopes, etc.)
Obstructions, debris, existing pipelines or structures
Environmentally sensitive areas (beach, oyster field, etc.)
Marine activity in the area such as fishing or shipping Installability (1st end initiation and 2nd end termination)
Required pipeline route curvature radius
Tie-in methods
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Route Optimization
For seabed with onerous terrain significant savings on construction
and installation costs may be achieved by route optimisation
Need accurate cost data for: Supply of pipeline
Fabrication cost
Free span correction
Trenching, rock dump, weightcoat, anchoring
Pipeline design must be reasonably complete before route
optimisation can be done
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Pipeline Wall Thickness Selection
Analysis / Calculations
Hoop Stress
Buckle Initiation Buckle Propagation
Collapse Bucking
Local Buckling
Pipeline Stress Checks Hoop Stress
Equivalent Stress
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Anti Corrosion Coatings Coating Anti-Types
Coal Tar Enamel
Fusion Bonded Epoxy
Selection Criteria Service Conditions
Performance Record
Ease of Repair
Cost Effectiveness Compatibility with Concrete
Coating
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Fig : FBE
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Pipe Coatings1. Corrosion Coating
Inner surface protection-
fusion bonded epoxy (FBE)
coating or plastic liner is
applied. Outer surface- carbon steel-
FBE or neoprene
Abrasion resistant overlay
(ARO) is commonly applied
for the horizontal directional
drilling (HDD) pipes or bottom
towed pipes.
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Fig : 3LPE Coating
(high density polyethylene )
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Pipe Coatings2. Insulation Coating
To keep the conveyed fluid
warm , heated by active or
passive
Active- electric heat tracingwires wrapped around the
pipeline, circulating hot
water through the annulus of
pipe-in-pipe, etc.
passive heating method is
insulation coating, burial,
covering, etc.
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Fig: GSPU (Glass syntactic polyurethane)
Fig : Syntactic Foam Insulation
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Pipe Coatings3. Pipe-in-Pipe
an inner pipe is covered by
a larger outer pipe
The annuls between inner
pipe and outer pipe arefilled with insulation
materials
Eg- micro-porous silica
(Aerogel), polyurethane
foam(PUF),
Wacker/Porextherm,
Mineral wool, etc.
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Fig : PIP
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Pipeline Coating4. Concrete Weight Coating
applied to make the pipestable under the water
Concrete coating is the
most cost effective optionto increase pipe weight.
The polyethylene outerwrap in the picture isremoved after the concrete
coating is cured left without concrete
coating for welding andwelding inspection
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Fig :Concrete Weight Coating
Fig:Coating Cut-Back Length
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Field Joint Coating After the field weld is made, each pipe joint should be coated with a
corrosion resistant coating. The field joint coating (FJC) can be done by FBE, heat shrink sleeve, or
PU foam (for concrete coated pipe).
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Fig : Field Joint
Coating
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CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN Corrosion is a deterioration of a material
Corrosion resistance coating is applied to prevent
corrosion Cathodic protection (CP) system using anodes is used as
a supplemental corrosion protection system.
Corrosion coating can be damaged during pipe
transportation and installation.
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Fig :CP System ComponentsIndian Maritime University - Visakhapatnam Campus
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CP system Half shell anodes are
tied-on the pipe outer
surface at certain
intervals. Typically 75 to 115 lb
aluminum alloy anodes
are installed at 200 to
1,000 ft intervals. Design guidelines can be
found at DNV-RP-F103
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Fig:Anode Types for Pipeline CP System
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Pipeline inspection Pressure tests
External pipeline inspection (Direct Assessment)
Internal pipeline inspection (in-line inspection)
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Fig : Pressure testing (left)& Internal inspection(right )
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Internal &External inspection
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Fig :The bristle-actuated pipelinetractor is powered through riser and
operated by brush modules that when
actuated against each other provide a
high pull-capability along the riser or
pipeline (left)
Fig :Guided ultrasonic waves are used toscreen long length of pipeline (several
tens of meters) for corrosion or cracks
from a single transducer location.)
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Requirements Regarding Pipeline
MaintenanceThe maintenance process must ensure that:
The pipeline is always operated safely
The pipeline is operated efficiently and economically
The pipeline is compliant
The pipeline is available.
A typical inspection and monitoring system includes:
Polymer monitoring: online, offline, topside and subsea; Annulus monitoring: vent gas rate, annulus integrity;
Riser dynamics: tension, angle and curvature;
Steel armor: inspection method, magnetic or radiographic;
Use of existing sensors, pressure and temperature sensors.
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References[1] Http://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Submarine_pipeline
[2] Introduction To Offshore Pipelines And Risers/JaeyoungLee, P.E. /2008
[3] Offshore Pipeline Systems/Raj Kumar/Sr. Manager/EIL
[4] Ocean Engineering Series Volume 3 - Pipelines AndRisers/Series Editors/R. Bhattacharyya & M.E. Mccormick
[5] Handbook Ofoffshore Engineering Subrata K. ChakrabartiVOV1&2/Subrata K. Chakrabarti
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