introduction to studies of expertise and experience
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Introduction to Studies of Expertise and Experience . Robert Evans SEESHOP 8 Waterloo, 8-12 June 2014. Problem of Legitimacy Over reliance on core-set scientists Problem of Extension Over reliance on lay publics as ‘experts’ Third Wave Distinction between experts and non-experts - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction toStudies of Expertise and Experience Robert Evans
SEESHOP 8Waterloo, 8-12 June 2014
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Third Wave of Science Studies (2002)• Problem of Legitimacy
▫ Over reliance on core-set scientists
• Problem of Extension▫ Over reliance on lay
publics as ‘experts’• Third Wave
▫ Distinction between experts and non-experts
▫ Distinction between technical and political phases
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UBIQUITOUS EXPERTISES DISPOSITIONS Interactive Ability
Reflective Ability SPECIALIST UBIQUITOUS
TACIT KNOWLEDGE SPECIALIST
TACIT KNOWLEDGE
EXPERTISES Beer-mat
Knowledge Popular
Understanding Primary Source
Knowledge
Interactional Expertise
Contributory Expertise
Polimorphic Mimeomorphic
META- EXTERNAL INTERNAL
EXPERTISES Ubiquitous
Discrimination Local
Discrimination Technical
Connoisseurship Downward
Discrimination Referred Expertise
META-
CRITERIA
Credentials
Experience
Track-Record
Rethinking Expertise (2007)
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UBIQUITOUS EXPERTISES DISPOSITIONS Interactive Ability
Reflective Ability SPECIALIST UBIQUITOUS
TACIT KNOWLEDGE SPECIALIST
TACIT KNOWLEDGE
EXPERTISES Beer-mat
Knowledge Popular
Understanding Primary Source
Knowledge
Interactional Expertise
Contributory Expertise
Polimorphic Mimeomorphic
META- EXTERNAL INTERNAL
EXPERTISES Ubiquitous
Discrimination Local
Discrimination Technical
Connoisseurship Downward
Discrimination Referred Expertise
META-
CRITERIA
Credentials
Experience
Track-Record
Rethinking Expertise (2007)
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Specialist Expertise
Contributory Expertise
Interactional Expertise
Explicit Knowledge
Specialist Tacit Knowledge
Ubiquitous Tacit Knowledge
Soci
alis
atio
n B
arri
er
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Language and Practice (2011)Cultural knowledge shared more or less uniformly amongst all members of the target culture
Relatively small sample can ‘represent’ the collective stock of cultural knowledge
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Quantifying the Tacit (2013/14)
In the Turing Test, the judge must decide which is the
computer and which is the human.
In the Imitation Game, the judge must decide which participant shares their
social group.
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The Imitation Game
Female judge setting questions
Female answering naturally
Male pretending to be female
How often do you pluck your eyebrows?
R2‘not very often, when
they need doing’R1
‘once a week’
R2 is female ‘because I expected the man to believe women are more regulated in their beauty regime than they actually are
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IMITATING RELIGIOUS UNDERSTANDING
IN: Palermo, Wroclaw, Budapest+Pesc, Cardiff(2011), Helsinki, Trondheim, Rotterdam
Pass- Rate
10%
22%
9%
Pal Wroc Bud+P C’diff11 Hels Trond Rott
30%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
33% 39%
Initial Results
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IMGAME is ‘work in progress’• Methodological questions
▫How accurate is probe model in practice – can individuals or small groups really represent the target
▫How to know if the assumed target culture exists at all
• STS in practice▫How to know when you have measured Pass Rate
correctly• How to interpret results
▫High pass rate indicates knowledgeable Pretenders▫High pass rate indicates Non-Pretenders and Judges
share little specialist knowledge.
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Elective Modernism (under review)
Science values
Democracy values
Policy
Value scientific values not scientific facts
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Elective Modernism (20??)
Science values
Democracy values
Policy
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Minimal Default Position•Politicians can accept or reject scientific or
other advice when making policy decisions
•Politicians must not miss-represent expert knowledge when justifying these decisions
BUT…
•How can politicians and the public know the ‘true’ state of consensus in a technical domain?
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The Birds…Eagles
• Scientists (including social scientists) and other technical experts
• Eagles are efficient hunters who tend to look in one direction
• Eagles see their only their science and reject other views
Owls
• Reflexive scientists and STS informed social scientists
• Owls are not only wise, they can look in two different directions
• Owls see both science and social analysis of that science
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What the Owls Add to Policy Advice•Analysis of scientific and experience-based
expertise relating to the topic▫Understanding of scientific culture and practice
as rooted in tacit knowledge▫Recognition that maverick science continues
long after the mainstream has moved on•A public statement summarising the degree of
expert consensus about the topic in question▫Summary of the substance/content of consensus▫Summary of how strong this consensus is
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Summary•SEE has an abundance of theories and
concepts▫Technical and Political Phases ▫Periodic Table of Expertises
•Investigating Expertise and Experience▫Imitation Game and Interactional Expertise
•Institutions for Expertise and Democracy▫Elective Modernism and Value of Scientific
Values
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References• Expertise
▫ Collins, H M and Evans, R J (2002) ‘The Third Wave of Science Studies: Studies of Expertise and Experience’, Social Studies of Sciences, 32 (2): 235-96. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312702032002003>
▫ Collins, H M and Evans, R J (2007) Rethinking Expertise, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
▫ Collins, H.M. (2011) ‘Language and Practice), Social Studies of Science, Vol 41, No. 2, pp. 271-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312711399665
• Imitation Game▫ Collins, H.M. Evans, Robert, Ribeiro, Rodrigo and Hall, Martin (2006), ‘Experiments with
Interactional Expertise, Studies In History and Philosophy of Science, Volume 37, No. 4 (Dec 2006), pp. 656-674. < http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2006.09.005>
▫ Evans, Robert and Crocker, Helen (2013) The Imitation Game as a Method for Exploring Knowledge(s) of Chronic Illness, Methodological Innovations Online, Vol. 7 (2) [Published online as http://www.methodologicalinnovations.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/4.-Evans-et-al.pdf]
▫ Collins, H.M. and Evans, R.J. (2014) ‘Quantifying the Tacit: The Imitation Game and Social Fluency’, Sociology, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 3-19 [Originally published as Online First on 25 Feb 2013 as doi: 10.1177/0038038512455735]
• Elective Modernism▫ Collins, H.M. (2010) Elective Modernism (working paper)
http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/socsi/contactsandpeople/harrycollins/expertise-project/elective%20modernism%204.doc
▫ Collins, H.M., Weinel, M. and Evans, R.J. (2010) ‘The Politics and Policy of the Third Wave: New Technologies and Society’, Critical Policy Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 185-201. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2010.490642>