introduction to nanotechnologystevens: research clusters multiscale mechanical systems and devices...

Introduction to Nanotechnology

Professor Frank Fisher

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Co-Director, Stevens Nanotechnology Graduate

Program (www.stevens.edu/nano)Email: [email protected]

Web: http://personal.stevens.edu/~ffisher/

Group: http://personal.stevens.edu/~ffisher/nanolab/

Stevens NGP Faculty Committee

Prof. Svetlana Sukhishvili, co-Director (CCBBME)

Prof. Henry Du (CEMS)

Prof. Stefan Strauf (PEP)

Encouraging Students Towards STEM & IT CareersCenter for Innovation in Engineering & Science Education Workshop

March 23, 2010 - Monroe Township, NJ


Stevens Institute of Technology

Outline

• What is Nanotechnology?

• Why Nano? Case Study 1: Van der Waals interactions and the Gecko

• Why Nano? Case Study 2: Carbon Nanotubes and the Space Elevator

• Multiscale Engineering, Science, and Technology Research Thrust at Stevens

• Multiscale Mechanical Systems & Devices

• Center for MicroChemical Systems

• Cell-Biomaterials Interactions

• Controlled Quantum Systems

• Environmental Nanotechnology

• Some other examples of Applications of Nanotechnology

• Discussion Points:

• Industries and types of fields this area of study prepares students to enter

• Profile of students enrolled in this area of study

• Job prospects and salary information for graduates in this field.



Richard Feynman - Grandfather of Nanotechnology

• 1959 - Richard Feynman - Nobel Prize in Physics

• “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” - aninvitation to enter a new field of physics

• Offered two $1000 prizes:

– Build an electric motor in a 1/64 inch cube

– Reduce a page of a book by a factor of 25,000; readusing an electron microscope

• 1960 - engineer claimed the first prize

• 1985 - graduate student wrote a page from A Taleof Two Cities 1/160 millimeter in length usingEbeam lithography

National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), supplement to the President’s FY 2004 budget

MEMS silicon cantilevers with selective

coatings for target molecule detection

National Nanotechnology InitiativeGrand Challenge Areas

! Nanostructured Materials by Design

! Manufacturing at the Nanoscale

! Chemical-Biological-Radiological-Explosive

Detection and Protection

! Nanoscale Instrumentation and Metrology

! Nano-Electronics, -Photonics, and -Magnetics

! Healthcare, Therapeutics, and Diagnostics

! Energy Conversion and Storage

! Microcraft and Robotics

! Nanoscale Processes for Environmental

Improvement

Nanotechnology: The Next Industrial Revolution?



Morph: Concept video from Nokia and

Cambridge Nanoscience Centre

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Van der Waals force• An attractive force between atoms or molecules.

• Not the result of chemical bond formation, much weaker

• Responsible for some material properties: crystal structure,

melting points, boiling points, surface tension, and densities.

Ref):http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/climbing/climb.html



Nano-adhesion mechanism of Gecko

! Many hypotheses

- Suction: Gadow, 1901

- Electrostatics: Schmidt, 1904

- Friction: Madhendra, 1941

- Micro-interlocking:

Madhendra, 1941

- Capillary wet adhesion


Gecko’s foot structure


Kellar et al, “Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair,” Nature, 405, 681-685 (2000)



• Hexagonal sheet of carbon atoms (graphene

sheet) rolled into 1D cylinder

• “Classes” of nanotubes: SWNTs, MWNTs, and NT ropes or bundles

What are Carbon Nanotubes?

SWNT MWNT SWNT bundle

Properties of CNTs

• Initially theoretical predictions, theseproperties have now been experimentallyverified

• How do these properties compare with a‘comparison’ material?

• Multifunctionality - CNTs could be used tosimultaneously impact enhanced performancein two or more properties.

• Examples:

• strong but high conductivity nanoscalewires and electrical connects with heatdissipation characteristics

• add CNTs to aerospace composites toenhance mechanical properties whileadding lightning strike protection)

• etc…

Space Elevators?

Arthur Clarke's novel "The Fountains of

Paradise" brought idea of space elevator

to masses (1979)

Don’t believe

the hype!

Space Elevator (updated Oct 2008)

• A conference discussing space elevator concepts was held in Japan in November 2008

• Hundreds of engineers/scientists from Asia, Europe and the Americas are working on the design

• Will take you directly to the one hundred-thousandth floor

• A cable anchored to the Earth's surface, reaching tens of thousands of kilometers into space

• NASA holding $4M Space Elevator Challenge to encourage designs for a successful space elevator

• http://www.jsea.jp (website of Japan Space Elevator Association)

Multiscale Engineering, Science & Technology @

Stevens: Research Clusters

Multiscale Mechanical

Systems and Devices

Microreactor-Based

Pilot Plant

Center for

MicroChemical Systems

Environmental

Nanotechnology

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Primary anatase crystalline size (nm)

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Cell-Biomaterial

Interactions

Controlled Quantum

Systems

VisionNationally recognized doctoral research

training and technology development in novel multiscale electromechanical

systems and devices

Nano and MicroStructures and DevicesEngineering Laboratory

Large-Area Nano-Patterning

& 3D Nanofabrication

Nano and

Microfluidics

Laboratory

Multifunctional Nanowires/Nanofibers

Active Nanomaterials &

Devices Laboratory

Multiscale Mechanical Systems and DevicesDave Cappelleri, Chang-Hwan Choi, Frank Fisher, Souran Manoochehri, Kishore Pochiraju,

Yong Shi and Eui-Hyeok Yang

500 nm

1

mm

PZT Nanofibers

PZT Nano

Tubes

ITO Nanofibers

Micro-Device Laboratory

Nanostructure Morphology in Polymer Nanocomposites

Nanomechanics and

Nanomaterials Laboratory

Munitions ApplicationsSafe/Arm and Fuze DevicesCurrent & Future

Funding SourcesUS Army Picatinny ARDEC, Air Force Office of Scientific

Research, National Science Foundation, NASA SBIR,

Department of Homeland Security, Naval Research Lab,

Industry, etc..

• MRI: Acquisition of an instrument for nanoscale manipulation and experimentalcharacterization, NSF DMI-0619762, 09/01/06-08/31/09, $326k

Nanomechanics and Nanomaterials Lab (Fisher)

Nanomechanics and Nanomaterials Labhttp://personal.stevens.edu/~ffisher

Processing-induced Crystallization of

Semicrystalline Nanocomposites (Kalyon)

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

(Shi, Prasad, ECE…)

Polymer Nanocomposite NanomechanicsNanomanipulation and Nanomechanical

Characterization (Shi, Yang, Zhu)

• Challa, Shi, Prasad & Fisher, Smart Mat. & Struct. 17, 015035, (2008)• Challa, Shi, Prasad & Fisher, Smart Mat. & Struct. (submitted)

• Mago, Fisher & Kalyon, J. Nanosci. & Nanotech. (in press)• Mago, Kalyon & Fisher, J. Nanomaterials 3, 759825 (2008)• Mago, Fisher & Kalyon, Macromolecules 41, 8103 (2008)• Mago et al, MRS Conf. Proceedings (2007)

• Fisher & Lee, Composites Science and Technology (to be submitted)• Fisher, Oelkers & Lee, Composites Science and Technology (to be submitted)

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Using nanoparticles + processing to promote preferred crystalline phases Harvesting energy from ambient vibrations for wireless sensors

In situ SEM characterization of nanomaterials and nanocompositesNovel micromechanical modeling for polymer nanocomposites

Bending a nanowire

(with Mike Yoon, Prof. EH Yang, Mechanical Engineering)

Nano and Microfluidics Laboratory (Choi)

Nano and Microfluidics Laboratoryhttp://personal.stevens.edu/~cchoi

Large-Area Nano-Patterning

& 3D NanofabricationMicro/Nano-Scale Fluid Mechanics

& Micro/Nano-Fluidics

Low-Friction Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Cell-Nanostructure Interactions

& Anti-Fouling Biomaterials

500 nm

500 nm

500 nm

1

mmLiquid

Air

V

WallHydrophobic

nanostructures

Slip

microchannel

Air Water

microchannel

Air Water

Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

Self-Assembly of

Nanomaterials

• Choi & Kim, Nanotechnol. (2006).

Ni nanowire self-assembled on amicrostructured superhydrophobicsurface (Collaboration with Prof.Yang’s group).

5 µm • Choi, et al., Phys. Fluids (2003).

• Choi & Kim, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2006).• Choi, et al., Phys. Fluids (2006).

500 nm

• Choi, et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A (2008).• Choi, et al., Biomaterials (2007).

Optofluidic Waveguides and SensorsComing soon!

Nano and Microfluidics Laboratoryhttp://personal.stevens.edu/~cchoi

Applications of Multi-Functional Nanoengineered

Superhydrophobic Surfaces (Choi, Mech Eng)

500 nm

1

mmLiquid

Air

V

WallHydrophobic

nanostructures

Slip

(Choi & Kim, 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett.; Choi et al., 2006, Phys. Fluids)

Low Friction/Drag Surface

Anti-Biofouling Anti-Corrosion

Anti-GraffitiAnti-Fog

20 µm

(Barthlott et al., 1997, Planta)

Water Drop on Lotus Leaf

Anti-Icing Anti-Snow

Anti-Frost Self-Cleaning

Microreactor-Based

Pilot Plant

On-demand, Distributed Micro-

Production of Biofuel, Chemicals,

& Pharmaceuticals

Self-Assembled

Nanoparticles

1 µm

Nanomaterial

Assembly &

Manufacturing

Visualization of

Bacteria-Biomaterial-Host Interactions

Dynamic Co-Culture Device

NJCMCS: Paradigm-Changing Technologies

Soil suspension (mg/L)

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

% E

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Control

Alex

L-Alex

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Adsorption capacity ofTiO2 increased withdecreasing particlesize.

Environmental Nanotechnology Research at CESC. Christodoulatos; M. Wazne; W. Braida; X. Meng

1. Develop and utilize

nanomaterials in water

treatment.

• Nano TiO2 adsorbent has beendeveloped and used in filters forremoval of arsenic and lead in water.

Granular adsorbent made fromnano TiO2

2. Nanoparticles in the

environment: Transport and

use for in-situ environmental

remediation

3. Nanoparticle toxicity

• Assessment tools for nanomaterial F&Tin environmental systems

• Interactions between ecosystems &engineered nanomaterials• Create in-situ Permeable Reactive

barriers (PRB) comprised ofnanocrystalline TiO2 for passiveremediation of contaminated aquifers

• Investigate the stability ofnanoparticles suspensions for variousaquatic systems

Conceptual model of a permeable reactive barrier

The Stevens Cross-Disciplinary

Biomaterials Research Community

Chang-Hwan Choi Mechanical Engineering Cell-material Interactions

Henry Du Materials Science High-sensitivity spectroscopy

Dilhan Kalyon Chemical Engineering Polymer processing and rheology

Adeniyi Lawal Chemical Engineering Microreactors; Fluid dynamics

Woo Lee Materials Science Microfluidics and complex systems

James Liang Chemical Biology Antimicrobial peptides

Matthew Libera Materials Science Hydrogels; cell-material interactions

Svetlana Sukhishvili Chemistry Polymer chemistry; Self assembly

Hongjun Wang Biomedical Engineering Tissue engineering

Jiahua Xu Chemical Biology Wound healing

Xiaojun Yu Biomedical Engineering Tissue engineering Si surfacenanopatterned byinterference lithographyand DRIE (top) with anSEM image of cellprocesses from a humanforeskin fibroblastexploring one suchsurface (bottom).

1 µm

Random

Aligned

Cross-Aligned

50 µm

Orientednanofibers meshstructures withsynthetic/collagen(green) andsynthetic only (Red)

Osteoblast growth onpartially repulsivenanopatterned surface

Center for Controlled Quantum Systems

SearchSearchMartiniMartini

StraufStrauf MalinovskayaMalinovskaya

Theory

Quantum OpticsExperiment

Ultrafast laser

Controlling Controlling light-matterlight-matter

interaction withinteraction with

functional materials functional materials

Experiment

NanophotonicsTheory

Coherent Control

Coupled theoretical and experimental research leading to novel systemswith unprecedented features based on Controlled Quantum Systems

For APPLICATIONS inImaging - Light Sources -

Q-Communication - Computing - Sensing

CONTROL ofAtoms - Molecules -

Semiconductor - QDs - CNTs

Environmental Applications of Nano

Molecular Dynamics simulations of water in CNTs

1) DNA ORIGAMI: Researcher: Paul W. K.Rothemund (Caltech)The sheer simplicity and versatility of Dr. Rothemund's "DNA origami" renders it a revolution in nanoscale architecture. Rothemund

developed a technique to fold a single long strand of DNA into any 2D shape held together by a few shorter DNA pieces. He created

software to quickly determine what short sequences will fold the main strand into the desired shape, such as the DNA smiley face he built,

which is a mere 100nm across and 2nm thick, or his nanoscale map of the Americas. They sound silly, but these creations are proof of

concept: here is a method for building scaffolding that can be used to hold quantum dots in a quantum computer or proteins in a multi-

enzyme factory, to name just a few potential applications.

2) NANOMAGNETS TO CLEAN UP DRINKING WATER: Researchers: Vicki Colvin and

colleagues (Rice University)According to the World Bank, nearly 65 million people are at risk from arsenic-related health problems due to millions of contaminated

wells, especially in developing nations like India and Bangladesh. Now, a research team led by Vicki Colvin at Rice University has

developed a simple and inexpensive way to solve the problem. Rust nanoparticles, which have magnetic properties, bind to arsenic; the rust

and arsenic can then be lifted out of the water by nothing more than a handheld magnet. The breakthrough was the realization that the

manipulation of nanoscale rust would not require huge magnetic fields, as was expected. The unique properties at the nanoscale cause the

rust nanoparticles to act as one large magnet that can be easily drawn out of the water, leaving behind drinking water pure enough to meet

Environmental Protection Agency standards. The method, which requires no electricity or extensive hardware, will have a global impact.

3) ARRAYS CONNECT NANOWIRE TRANSISTORS WITH NEURONS: Researchers: Charles

Lieber amd colleagues (Harvard University)In the first ever two-way interface between nanoelectronics and living neurons, Dr. Lieber and his team have created a revolutionary way to

study brain activity. Silicon nanowires link up with the axons and dendrites of live mammalian neurons, creating artificial synapses between

the two and allowing scientists to study and manipulate signal propagation in neural networks. The device can measure the brain's electric

signals with unprecedented sensitivity, amplifying signals from up to 50 places on a single neuron. It will allow researchers to accurately

model complex brain activity, pave the way for powerful neural prosthetics, and open the possibility for hybrid nanoelectronic and biological

information processing.

Top 5 Nano-Breakthroughs in 2006 (Forbes.com)

4) SINGLE NANOTUBE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS: Researchers: Phaedon Avouris and

colleagues (IBM's T.J.Watson Research Center; University of Florida; Columbia University)

This year, IBM unveiled the most complex and highest performance electrical circuit based on a single nanotube,

demonstrating the applicability of CMOS technology and paving the way for the future of computing. The integrated

logic circuit consists of 12 transistors made of palladium and aluminum tracing the length of a single carbon

nanotube. The circuit is hundreds of times slower than today's silicon processors, but it is 100,000 times faster than

any previous carbon nanotube device and has the potential to be much faster. Unlike silicon, it doesn't require

doping, which scatters electron flow and is far more heat efficient. Expect to first see these nanotube circuits in

hybrid nanotube-silicon computers.

5) NANOPARTICLES DESTROY PROSTATE CANCER: Researchers: Robert Langer and

colleagues (MIT; BWH and Harvard; U.of Illinois; Gwangju Institute of Science and

Technology, South Korea; Dana Farber Cancer Institute)

Here's one battle with cancer where cancer is losing dramatically--researchers at MIT and Harvard have custom-

designed nanoparticles that hone in on prostate cancer cells and deliver doses of targeted chemotherapy. In trials

with mice, which were given human prostate cancer, a single injection of these nanoparticles completely eradicated

tumors in five out of seven animals, significantly reducing tumor size in the other two. The work may be replicable

for treatments of breast and pancreatic cancer, as well. Look forward to seeing these cancer-killers in human clinical

trials.

Top 5 Nano-Breakthroughs in 2006 (Forbes.com)

Nanomedicine



Question and Answer period

• Discussion Points:

1. Industries and types of fields this area of study prepares students to enter

• Perhaps the question is reversed. Strong foundation in science engineering field provides students the solidfoundation necessary to apply the techniques and principles to problems at the nanoscale. Practically everyfield that employees scientists and engineering has an interest in a future workforce knowledgeable withregard to nanotechnology.

2. Profile of students enrolled in this area of study

• At this stage of development a graduate degree (at least MS with research option) in science or engineeringnecessary to conduct work in this area. Typical student traits are hard-working, curious, independent,interested in research, and willing to work in areas that are ‘unknown’

3. Job prospects and salary information for graduates in this field

• Job prospects = EXCELLENT! Salary somewhat dependent on ‘foundational field’ (Mechanical Engineering,

Chemical Engineering, etc); likely at the higher end of spectrum due to advanced knowledge and training.

• What do you tell students who are interested in pursuing nanotechnology?

• Study hard at high school and college level to set the technical foundation for future work!

• See what opportunities are available at college to start getting involved with research! (You willhave to be patient, but everyone has to start learning somewhere.)

• Promotional Announcement:

http://www.stevens.edu/njaee/showcase2010

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