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Introduction to Southern Hybridization

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Page 1: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Introduction to Southern Hybridization

Page 2: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Outline

• History/Background Info

• Goals of Southern hybridization

• Example

• Other applications

Page 3: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

History/Background

• ‘Southern’ hybridization named after Sir Edwin Southern

• Developed in 1975

• One of the most highly cited scientific publications

• Earned Sir Southern a Lasker Award in 2005

Page 4: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

History/Background

• Spawned naming of related techniques:

Southern blot(DNA)

Northern blot(RNA)

Western blot(Protein)

Eastern blot(???)

Page 5: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Goals of Southern Hybridization

• Immobilize DNA onto a permanent substrate

• Identify DNA sequence (gene) of interest

Page 6: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 1. Restriction Enzyme Digestion

EcoR I EcoR I EcoR I EcoR I

Page 7: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 1. Restriction Enzyme Digestion

Page 8: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 2. Gel Electrophoresis

_ +

Page 9: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 2. Gel Electrophoresis

_ +

Page 10: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 2. Gel Electrophoresis

Page 11: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Goals of Southern Hybridization

Immobilize DNA onto a permanent substrate

• ‘Membrane’– paper‐like matrix

– nylon or nitrocellulose

– usually has a slight positive charge

Page 12: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 3. DNA Denaturation

T G A A TC

A C AT T G

• Eliminate hydrogen bonds with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Page 13: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 4. Transfer DNA to Membrane

• Two methods for transferring DNA to a membrane– capillary– electrophoretic

Page 14: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 4. Transfer DNA to Membrane

Page 15: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Goals of Southern Hybridization

• Immobilize DNA onto a permanent substrate

• Identify DNA sequence (gene) of interest

Page 16: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 5. Making a Probe

• A probe is a small (25‐2000 bp) length of DNA or RNA– Complementary to the sequence (gene) of interest

– Labeled for subsequent detection procedures

Page 17: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 5. Making a Probe

Gene Xfrom Arabidopsis

Partial or full-lengthprobes by PCR

Page 18: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 5. Making a Probe

Gene Xfrom Arabidopsis

Partial probes by random-priming

Page 19: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 5. Making a Probe

Denature template with heat

Page 20: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 5. Making a Probe

Add random primers

Page 21: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 5. Making a Probe

Extend random primers with polymerase

Page 22: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 5. Making a Probe

A probe complementary to the sequence (Gene X) of interest!

Page 23: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 5. Making a Probe

• How do we detect the probe?– Radioactivity (32P)

Page 24: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 5. Making a Probe

• How do we detect the probe?– Digoxigenin (DIG)

U

Page 25: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 4. Transfer DNA to Membrane

Page 26: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 6. Pre‐hybridization

Prehybridization bufferscontain ‘blocking reagents’that occupy available binding sites on the membrane

Page 27: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 7. Hybridization

Page 28: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 7. Hybridization

Page 29: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 8. Washes

Page 30: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 9. Anti‐DIG

Page 31: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 9. Anti‐DIG

Page 32: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 10. Washes

Page 33: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 11. CSPD

Page 34: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 12. Detection

• DIG‐labeled probes emitting minute amounts of light (chemiluminescence)

• 32P‐labeled probes emitting ß‐particles

Page 35: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Step 12. Detection

• DIG‐labeled probes emitting minute amounts of light (chemiluminescence)

• 32P‐labeled probes emitting ß‐particles

• Autoradiography film can detect this radiation

Page 36: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)
Page 37: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Conclusion

• How many copies of ‘Gene X’ does Capsella rubellapossess?

Capsella rubella

3

Page 38: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Other Applications

• DNA fingerprinting– RFLP of VNTRs

• Dot or slot blot

• Colony or plaque lifts

• Microarray analysis

Page 39: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Other Applications

• DNA fingerprinting– RFLP of VNTRs

• Dot or slot blot

• Colony or plaque lifts

• Microarray analysis

Page 40: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Other Applications

• DNA fingerprinting– RFLP of VNTRs

• Dot or slot blot

• Colony or plaque lifts

• Microarray analysis

Page 41: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Other Applications

• DNA fingerprinting– RFLP of VNTRs

• Dot or slot blot

• Colony or plaque lifts

• Gene Expression

Page 42: Introduction to Southern Hybridization - Welcome to SRM ... · Introduction to Southern Hybridization. Outline • History/Background Info ... Southern blot (DNA) Northern blot (RNA)

Other Applications

• Microarray technology