introduction to scholarly publishing

Introduction to Scholarly P bli hiPublishing

Steven OttogalliF id 11 J l 2008Friday, 11 July 2008

[email protected]

Thought QuestionThought Question

• What does a publisher actually do?

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ObjectivesObjectives

• How did scholarly publishing start?• What do publishers do?• What do publishers do?• How do publisher contributions help improve p p p

the science and health communities?

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How did scholarly publishing start?How did scholarly publishing start?

Origins of Scholarly PublishingOrigins of Scholarly Publishing

1439Gutenberg and Moveable

Type

Henry Oldenburg(1618- 1677)

Founding editor Type Founding editor and commercial

publisher of the first scientific journalj

1580 6th March 1665Founding of the House of

Elzevir

6th March 1665“Philosophical Transactions

of the Royal Society”

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• First true scholarly journal

Scholarly Publishing TodayScholarly Publishing Today

Scientific technical and medical communities around Scientific, technical and medical communities around the world are united through STM publishing

2,000,STM Publishers

20 00020,000Peer-Reviewed Journals

1.4 millionPeer-Reviewed Articles

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What do publishers do?What do publishers do?

Establishment of Scientific PublishingEstablishment of Scientific Publishing Fundamentals

Registration The timestamp to officially note who submitted scientific results first

P f i t th Certification Perform peer-review to ensure the validity and integrity of submissions

Di i ti Provide a medium for discoveries Dissemination Provide a medium for discoveries and findings to be shared

Preservation Preserving the minutes and record f i f t it

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Preservation of science for posterity

Establishment of Scientific PublishingEstablishment of Scientific Publishing Fundamentals

Registration The timestamp to officially note who submitted scientific results first

P f i t th These 4 roles of the publisher were established by the Certification Perform peer-review to ensure the

validity and integrity of submissionsThese 4 roles of the publisher were established by the Royal Society in 1665, but are still fundamental today.

The methods used to carry out these tasks are evolving,

Di i ti Provide a medium for discoveries

The methods used to carry out these tasks are evolving, but the roles remain unchanged.

Dissemination Provide a medium for discoveries and findings to be shared

Preservation Preserving the minutes and record f i f t it

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Preservation of science for posterity

The Publisher’s RoleThe Publisher s Role

Registration Certification Dissemination Preservation Use

Innovation & Technology

Publishers coordinate the exchange of ideas between authors, editors & reviewers and the wider audience of researchers editors, & reviewers…and the wider audience of researchers, scientists, faculty & students, librarians, health professionals & patients societies companies

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patients, societies, companies…

The Journal Publishing CycleThe Journal Publishing Cycle

Manage • Organise editorial boards• Launch new specialist submissions

A hi d

• Launch new specialist journals

Manage peer review

Archive and promote use

Publish and Edit and Publish and disseminate

Edit and prepare

Production

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Peer ReviewPeer Review

Essential filter used to separate science from Essential filter used to separate science from speculation and to determine scientific quality

• Helps to determine the validity, significance and originality of research

• Helps to improve the quality of papers • Publication protects the author’s work and claim to authorship • Publishers have ensured the sustainability of journals and the peer-

review system for over 300 years

Th t f i th P bli h t d t id th The costs of managing the peer-review process are

b b bli h

Publishers stand outside the academic process and are not

t j di f12

borne by publishers prone to prejudice or favour

Language is very important!Language is very important!

S th dit d i th t bl f iSave the editor and reviewers the trouble of guessing what you mean:

• Write with clarity, objectivity, accuracy, and brevity

• Be alert to common errors — sentence construction, incorrect tenses, inaccurate grammar, mixing languages

• Have a native English speaker check your manuscript

• Refer to the journal’s Guide for Authors for specifications

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Online Peer Review SystemsOnline Peer Review Systems

Online peer review systems accept online systems accept online submissions and allow for online peer-review

Online systems can handle hundreds of thousands of submissions and reviews per year

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p y



Manage peer A hi d


Manage peer review



Edit and prepare

Production

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Journal Article ProductionJournal Article Production

Author corrects proofManuscript Accepted

Copy editing, Typesetting, Logo

Issue compiled, pagination

4. Published Journal Article

1. AcceptedManuscript

2. Author Proof 3. Article in Press

Electronic Warehouse

Published as Published as Print Copy HTML and PDF

• Publishers can create an Electronic Warehouse and other electronic production tools to quicken production timesTh t l i h i t t b t th h d d f

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• These tools require heavy investments, but they can process hundreds of thousands of articles and maintain digitized backfiles



M A hi d


Manage peer review



Edit and prepare

Production

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Methods of Publication DisseminationMethods of Publication Dissemination

AND Electronic Journal Platforms AND Electronic Journal Platforms like Elsevier’s ScienceDirect

improve online pdissemination and access

Traditional Print Traditional Print Journals

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Other Methods of DisseminationOther Methods of Dissemination

• Ad-Supported Portals

• Pay per View• Pay-per-View

• Podcast/ Blogs/ Mobile

PDA • PDA

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Other Methods of DisseminationOther Methods of Dissemination

• Ad-Supported Portals

• Pay per View• Pay-per-View

• Podcast/ Blogs/ Mobile

PDA • PDA

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A hi d


Manage peer review



Edit and prepare

Production

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Promoting Research Information UsePromoting Research Information Use

• Abstract & Index Databases • Workflow & Research Tools • Workflow & Research Tools • Scientific Search Engines

P i U • Patient Use • Point-of-Care Decision Making • Collaborative Research Networks

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Promoting Research Information UsePromoting Research Information Use

• Abstract & Index Databases • Workflow & Research Tools • Workflow & Research Tools • Scientific Search Engines

P i U • Patient Use • Point-of-Care Decision Making • Collaborative Research Networks

Users can identify if they are a if they are a

patient in need of medical

information after searching for an

article

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article

Preservation & ArchivingPreservation & Archiving

In addition to traditional print archives publishers are In addition to traditional print archives, publishers are partnering to create multiple distributed electronic

archives for posterity

P bli h t bli h 3rd t Publishers establish 3rd-party archives:

El i / th N ti l

Publishers are developing similar arrangements with

Elsevier w/ the National Library of the Netherlands

other organizations

2nd official archive 2-year Pilot Study1st official archive

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o c a a c e yea ot Study

How do publisher contributions help improve the science and health communities?the science and health communities?

Improvements in Accessing InformationImprovements in Accessing Information

Due to electronic global dissemination: Due to electronic global dissemination: “Access is better than it has ever been”

Current Access Compared with 5 Years Ago

A lot easier A recent study A lot easier

A little easier

A recent study showed that over

75% of researchers About the same

75% of researchers said that access to

scientific information A little more difficult

A l t diffi lt

is better than it was 5 years ago.

A lot more difficult

Don’t know

y g

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Global Expansion of Scientific ResearchGlobal Expansion of Scientific Research

Access to research in developing countries has grown, resulting in Access to research in developing countries has grown, resulting in increased article output and the emergence of a global research

network

Article Output 2001-2006

30% Iran

Avg.China

Pakistan

gAnnualGrowth

RateSince

Turkey

Since1981

27 Number of Articles, 2006 90K/year

Information PhilanthropyInformation Philanthropy

Through these UN programs publishers provide free or very Through these UN programs, publishers provide free or very low cost access to thousands of peer-reviewed journals to

public institutions in over 100 developing countries

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public institutions in over 100 developing countries

Thought QuestionThought Question

• What if there were no publishers?• What do you think is the future of scholarly

publishing?publishing?

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SummarySummary

• How did scholarly publishing start?– Oldenburg and Royal Society saw the need to register validate report Oldenburg and Royal Society saw the need to register, validate, report,

and keep a record of the findings of their members• What do publishers do?What do publishers do?

– Through investments in innovation and technology, publishers support the registration, certification, dissemination, preservation, and use of scientific research information

• How do publisher contributions help improve the science and health communities?– Publishers have effectively increased researcher access to information,

increased researcher productivity, and played a role in enabling a global research network to emerge; all for the advancement of science and health.

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health.

Publishing EthicsPublishing Ethics

NoteNote

• The following slides offer guidance and general i i l f th ibiliti P bli hi principles of author responsibilities. Publishing

ethics policies can vary by discipline and p y y pjournal.

• Consult your peers advisors journal editors • Consult your peers, advisors, journal editors, and journal guidelines to learn the specific author responsibilities in their discipline.

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A h R ibili iAuthor Responsibilities

• OriginalityCit ti d t t• Citations and context

• Conflicts of Interest• Conflicts of Interest• Authorship• Authorship• SubmissionSubmission• Who else is responsible?p• Consequences

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O i i liOriginality

A researcher notices a paragraph in a previously published article that would be very suitable as the conclusion in his article. H d id t th t h i t hi ith t t He decides to copy that paragraph into his paper without quotes or attribution.Has the researcher violated any ethical boundaries?

I l t ll thi i id d l i iIn almost all cases, this is considered plagiarism• Research data should represent original and significant work that Research data should represent original and significant work that

is objectively researched and accurately reflected in the article

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I i h O i i liIssues with Originality

• Fabrication• Fabrication– Making up data

F l ifi ti• Falsification– Manipulation of existing data

Pl i i • Plagiarism – “passing off” someone else’s paper as one’s own

f (– copying or paraphrasing parts of another’s paper (without attribution)—permission is always needed!

– claiming results from research conducted by others– claiming results from research conducted by others

These three are the most common forms of ethical misconduct

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that the scientific community is challenged with

Why do we need originality and ethicalWhy do we need originality and ethical conduct?

Unethical behavior degrades the scientific record and Unethical behavior degrades the scientific record and unfairly affects the reputation and academic record of

individual researchers/authorsindividual researchers/authorsA Massive Case Of FraudChemical & Engineering NewsFebruary 18, 2008

Journal editors are left reeling as publishers move to rid their archives of scientist's falsified research

William G. Schulz

A CHEMIST IN INDIA has been found guilty of plagiarizing and/or falsifying more than 70 research papers published in a wide variety of W t i tifi j l b t 2004 d Western scientific journals between 2004 and 2007, according to documents from his university, copies of which were obtained by C&EN. Some journal editors left reeling by the

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C&EN. Some journal editors left reeling by the incident say it is one of the most spectacular and outrageous cases of scientific fraud they have ever seen. …

Why do we need originality and ethicalWhy do we need originality and ethical conduct?

Unethical behavior degrades the scientific record and Unethical behavior degrades the scientific record and unfairly affects the reputation and academic record of

individual researchers/authorsindividual researchers/authorsA Massive Case Of FraudChemical & Engineering NewsFebruary 18, 2008

Journal editors are left reeling as publishers move to rid their archives of scientist's falsified research

William G. Schulz

A CHEMIST IN INDIA has been found guilty of plagiarizing and/or falsifying more than 70 research papers published in a wide variety of W t i tifi j l b t 2004 d Western scientific journals between 2004 and 2007, according to documents from his university, copies of which were obtained by C&EN. Some journal editors left reeling by the

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C&EN. Some journal editors left reeling by the incident say it is one of the most spectacular and outrageous cases of scientific fraud they have ever seen. …

Ci i & CCitations & Context

A researcher, in writing her research paper, mentions a concept that is reported in an article written by her advisor. p y

Does she need to cite her advisor’s work and list the advisor’s article in the bibliography?article in the bibliography?

This is always a good ideay g• Crediting the work of others (even your advisor’s or your own

previous work) and noting materials that require permission isp ) g q pimportant

• Check the Guide for Authors for information regarding the journal’s

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g g jcopyright policy, and where permission is needed (tables, figures)

C fli f IConflicts of Interest

Indicate if any of the following are examples of conflicts of interest:1. A university researcher, who owns stock in a large oil

company, conducts an experiment on the environmental ff t f il d illieffects of oil drilling

2. A university researcher, who is developing and testing a y , p g gnew technology, is also a consultant for a financial services firm that weighs investments in new technologies

3. A researcher submits an article to a journal for which the Editor in Chief is a professor in the researcher’s department

4. A doctor who abides by traditional healing procedures writes a paper on emerging current medical technologies

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writes a paper on emerging current medical technologies

C fli f IConflicts of InterestThese all present potential conflictsThese all present potential conflicts

• Conflicts of interest can take many forms:Direct financial– Direct financial

• Employment, stock ownership, grants, patentsIndirect financial – Indirect financial

• Honoraria, consultancies, mutual fund ownership, expert testimony– Career & intellectual– Career & intellectual

• Promotion, direct rival– InstitutionalInstitutional– Personal belief

• The proper way to handle potential conflicts of interest is throughtransparency and disclosure

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p y• Disclose any potential conflict in your cover letter to the Editor

A h hiAuthorship

A researcher completes her work and has written a paper. Along the way, she consulted her advisor for guidance on the Along the way, she consulted her advisor for guidance on the experiment, the data analysis, and writing and revising the final article. A professor in India assisted her in analyzing the p y gdata only. A lab assistant had helped her in preparing the experimental design and maintaining and operating the p g g p gequipment. Two fellow grad students read her paper and edited it though they had no hand in the experiment.

Who is listed as an author? Who is listed first?Who is listed as an author? Who is listed first?

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A h hiAuthorship

• Policies to address authorship can vary• One example, the International Committee of Medical Journal

Edit (htt // i j /) d l d th t th tEditors (http://www.icmje.org/) declared that an author must:1. substantially contribute to conception and design, or acquisition, analysis,

and interpretation of data; and interpretation of data; 2. draft or revise the article critically for important intellectual content; and3. give their approval of the final version to be published. g pp p4. ALL 3 conditions must be fulfilled to be an author!

• Applying this set of policies to our example only the researcher and • Applying this set of policies to our example, only the researcher and her advisor would qualify as authorsAll th ld lif “A k l d d I di id l ”

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• All others would qualify as “Acknowledged Individuals”

A h hi O d & AbAuthorship: Order & Abuses• General principles for who is listed first

– First Author:• Conducts and/or supervises the data analysis,

interpretation of resultsp• Writes and submits the paper to journal• However, there may be some exceptions (i.e. senior

researcher)researcher)

– Co-Author(s):M k t ib ti t th d t l i d i t t ti• Makes contributions to the data analysis and interpretation

• Reviews each paper draft• Must be able to present the results, defend the implications p , p

and discuss study limitations

– Corresponding Author:Corresponding Author:• Usually first author, but there may be some exceptions

• Abuses to be avoided

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• Abuses to be avoided– Ghost Authors: leaving out authors who should be included– Gift Authors: including authors who did not contribute

S b i iSubmissionsScenario #1:Scenario #1:A researcher is ready to submit her paper and decides to give her best shot by submitting to Science, Nature, and Cell all at the same timesame time.

Scenario #2:A h h h d hi j t d b S i d d id A researcher has had his paper rejected by Science and decides to submit it to Nature. Failing that, he plans to submit it to Cell. And failing that, he plans to submit it to each journal in his g , p jdiscipline until it is accepted.

Are either of these scenarios unethical?Are either of these scenarios unethical?

• The first scenario is unethical; multiple simultaneous submissions are not acceptable

• The second scenario is acceptable but authors should heed the advice of referees and editors concerning improvements before resubmitting to

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referees and editors concerning improvements before resubmitting to another journal

S b i iSubmissions

• Multiple, redundant, or concurrent publication issues

– Avoid publishing manuscripts that describe essentially Avoid publishing manuscripts that describe essentially the same research in more than one journal

D t b it i l bli h d f – Do not submit a previously published paper for consideration in another journal

– Duplication of the same paper in different languages should be avoided

– “Salami slicing”, or publishing slightly different data from the same research is manipulative and highly from the same research, is manipulative and highly discouraged

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Wh i ibl f hi ?Who is responsible for ethics?

• All stakeholders have a part to play in upholding ethics• All stakeholders have a part to play in upholding ethics– Authors – Institutions/companies/agencies/funding bodies – Institutions/companies/agencies/funding bodies – Publishers/journal editors– ReviewersReviewers

• All Elsevier journals are listed with the Committee on Publishing Ethics (COPE)El i t dit ith P bli hi Ethi R Kit • Elsevier supports editors with a Publishing Ethics Resource Kit (PERK) to guide them in investigations of unethical behavior

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COPE - http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/about

PERK - http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/editorshome.editors/Introduction

CConsequences

A researcher is caught plagiarizing an article and fully A researcher is caught plagiarizing an article and fully admits to it.

What are the potential consequences and what actions can the publisher or the researcher’s institution/funding body take?

• Potential consequences can vary according to the severity of the misconduct and the standards set by the journal editors, institutions

d f di b diand funding bodies.Possible actions include:

W itt l tt f d i d– Written letters of concern and reprimand– Article retractions or Errata– Some form of disciplinary action on the part of the researcher’s institute or

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– Some form of disciplinary action on the part of the researcher s institute or funding body

SSummary

What are my responsibilities as an author?• Originality

– Research data must be original, significant, and objectively researched

• Citations and context• Citations and context– Always credit the work of others and materials that require

permission• Conflicts of Interest

– Any potential conflicts of interest must be transparent and disclosed t th Editto the Editor

• Authorship– Ensure that only qualified contributors are listed as authors– Ensure that only qualified contributors are listed as authors

• Submission– Submit only unique, novel research to one journal at a time

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y q , j

THANK YOU!!THANK YOU!!If you are attending the ICC2008 meeting

next week:next week:

• Author Workshop:Author Workshop:– Tuesday, July 15, 17:00-19:00

COEX, Room 208

R i W k h• Reviewer Workshop:Thursday July 17 17:00 19:00– Thursday, July 17, 17:00-19:00COEX, Room 208

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introduction to scholarly publishing

Business

scholarly publishing

publisher contributions

steven ottogalli

scholarlypublishingp

health communities