introduction to psychology intelligence. what is intelligence? the global capacity to: act...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Psychology
Intelligence
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What is Intelligence?
The global capacity to:
Act purposefully
Think rationally
Deal effectively with the environment
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History of Intelligence Testing
Francis Galton:
Classification based on “natural gifts”
Eugenics- selective breeding for a “better race”
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History of Intelligence Testing
Binet: 1905
Developed an intelligence test
Identifying children who need extra help
Did not believe IQ is destiny
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History of Intelligence Testing Goddard:
Believed IQ is innate and cannot be changed
Brought IQ tests to the US
Advocated forced sterilization
Tested immigrants; Determined 80% were MR
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IQ tests
Stanford Binet
Weschler: for adults and children
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The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores
Fig. 8.1
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IQ Score Ranges: Weschler
70-79 Borderline 80-89 Low Average 90-109 Average 110-119 High Average 120-129 Superior 130+ Very Superior
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Formula for IQ
Mental Age/Chronological Age X 100
If mental age is 12, chronological age is 10, then:
12/10 x 100 = 120 IQ 10/10 x 100 = 100 IQ
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Wechsler Verbal:
Information Comprehension Arithmetic Similarities Vocabulary
Performance: Picture
arrangement Picture
completion Block design Object assembly Digit span
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Change in IQ Scores IQ scores usually become fairly
stable by middle childhood
Small, gradual increases up to age 40
IQ scores may decline due to: Chronic illness, drinking, unstimulating
lifestyles
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IQ Scores
What can IQ scores predict?
Correlation between IQ and school grades
Achievement test performance
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IQ scores IQ is LESS predictive of motivation,
leadership, talents Only accounts for ¼ the variation in job
success
Other factors: Motivation, health, social skills
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Evaluating IQ tests
Reliability: will the person get approximately the same score each time?
Validity: does the test measure what it is supposed to measure?
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Evaluating IQ tests
Standardized: are the same instructions given in the same way to each person?
Norm: comparing the individual with an appropriate population
Compared to the group, is the score high, low, average?
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Evaluating IQ tests
Interactions between test administrator and test taker
Importance of building rapport
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The Role of Nature/Nurture Nature
Genetics:
Some evidence that variation in IQ scores are due to heredity
Twin/adoption studies
Nurture Environment
Enrichment, deprivation, educational quality
Intervention programs
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Cultural Bias in IQ Tests
Knowledge based on exposure, quality of education “Orchestra” “Horseback riding”
Culturally appropriate behavior:
Calling police/authorities
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Stereotype Threat
Anxiety that one’s behavior might confirm a negative stereotype against one’s ethnic/racial group
Measuring IQ or just assessing the test? African-American students performed as
well as other groups when they didn’t believe their IQs were being measured (Steele & Aronson, 1995)
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IQ Tests
Contributions?
Critique?
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Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory
Many diverse intelligences or “ways of knowing”
Not all excel at math and verbal skills
These individuals are underserved in the educational system
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Multiple Intelligence Theory Verbal
Mathematical
Spatial
Bodily-kinesthetic
Musical
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalist
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MI Theory in the Classroom
How would you present a topic about Native Americans using Gardner’s MI theory?
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Multiple Intelligence Theory Contributions
Acknowledges diverse ways of knowing
Educational application
Critique Not specific
enough
Are these intelligences or talents?
Difficult to measure
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Mental Retardation
Both IQ and daily living skills are taken into account
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Classification of Mental Retardation based on IQ
Fig. 8.11
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Adaptive Living Skills
Self-care Assesses independence
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Causes of Mental Retardation
Organic: genetic disorder or brain damage
Familial: growing up in a deprived environment
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Mental Retardation as a Social Construction
1970s: Change in IQ cutoff score for diagnosis of MR
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Savant Syndrome
“Islands of brilliance” Developmental disabilities
The skill/talent stands in great contrast to the individual’s overall level of functioning
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Savant Syndrome
Autism MR Brain Injury/Disease Acquired Savant Syndrome
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Savant Syndrome
Possible Causes Damage to left hemisphere, right
hemisphere compensates
Eidetic imagery
Practice