introduction to psychology, 7th edition, rod plotnik module 8: hypnosis module 8 hypnosis and drugs

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod PlotnikModule 8: Hypnosis

Module 8

Hypnosis and Drugs


HYPNOSIS

• Hypnosis definition– procedure in which a researcher, clinician, or

hypnotists suggests that a person will experience changes in sensation, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

• Who can be hypnotized?– not correlated with introversion, extraversion,

social position, intelligence, willpower, sex, compliance, gullibility, being highly motivated, or being a placebo responder


HYPNOSIS (CONT.)

• Who is susceptible?– individuals with the remarkable ability to respond

to imaginative suggestions– best known test: Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility

Scale


HYPNOSIS (CONT.)

• Theories of hypnosis– Altered States Theory of Hypnosis

• holds that hypnosis puts a person into an altered state of consciousness, during which the person is disconnected from reality, which results in being able to experience and respond to various suggestions

– Sociocognitive Theory of hypnosis• behaviors observed during hypnosis result not

from being hypnotized, but rather from having the special ability of responding to imaginative suggestions and social pressures


HYPNOSIS (CONT.)

• Behaviors– Hypnotic analgesia

• Reduces pain and anxiety (dental tx)– Posthypnotic suggestion– Age regression– Posthypnotic amnesia


DRUGS: OVERVIEW

• Reasons for use– include obtaining pleasure, joy, and euphoria;

meeting social expectations; giving in to peer pressure; dealing with or escaping stress, anxiety, and tension; avoiding pain; and achieving altered state of consciousness

• Psychoactive drugs– affect nervous system– may alter consciousness and awareness, influence

how we sense and perceive things, and modify our moods, feelings, emotions, and thoughts


DRUGS: OVERVIEW (CONT.)

Addiction• 3 C’s of addiction

– Compulsion– Control– Consequences

1957 AMA declared alcoholism a disease

3 criteria

known etiology

known progression of symptoms

known outcome



Tolerance• after a person uses a drug repeatedly over a period of

time, the original dose of the drug no longer produces the desired effect so that a person must take increasingly larger doses of the drug to achieve the same behavioral effect

Dependency• refers to a change in the nervous system so that a

person now needs to take the drug to prevent the occurrence of painful withdrawal symptoms

Withdrawal symptoms• painful physical and psychological symptoms that occur

after a drug-dependent person stops using the drug



• Effects on nervous system– drugs affect neurotransmitters– Neurotransmitters

• chemical keys that search for and then either open or close chemical locks to either excite or inhibit neighboring neurons, organs, or muscles

– Mimicking• some drugs produce their effects by mimicking

the way the neurotransmitters work– Reuptake

• some drugs block reuptake



• Effects on nervous system– some drugs directly activate the brain’s

reward/pleasure center– also activated when one eats food, has sex, and

does other pleasurable activities


STIMULANTS

• Definition– stimulants, including cocaine, amphetamines,

caffeine, and nicotine, increase activity of the central nervous system and result in heightened alertness, arousal, euphoria, and decreased appetite and fatigue


STIMULANTS (CONT.)

• Caffeine– drug– mild stimulant, produces moderate physiological and

psychological arousal, including decreased fatigue and drowsiness, feelings of alertness and improved reaction times

– Nervous system• caffeine belongs to the chemical class called

xanthines• blocks certain receptors (adenosine receptors) in

the brain• mild physiological and psychological arousal


STIMULANTS (CONT.)

• Caffeine– Dangers

• mild to heavy doses of caffeine can result in addiction and dependency similar to those produced by alcohol, nicotine, and cocaine (two cups of coffee)

• higher doses result in depression, tension, and anxiety


STIMULANTS (CONT.)

• Nicotine– drug– stimulant that triggers the brain’s reward/pleasure

center to produce good feelings– low doses improve attention, concentration, and

short term memory– regular use causes addiction and dependency– leads to withdrawal


STIMULANTS (CONT.)

• Nicotine– nervous system

• stimulates the production of dopamine• also stops other controlling cells from turning off the

pleasure areas– Dangers

• very addicting• causes sexual problems including impotency• withdrawal symptoms range in severity and include

nervousness, irritability, difficulty in concentrating, sleep disturbances, and strong craving


Smoking and Drinking


ALCOHOL

• History and use– first brewery appeared in Egypt in about 3700

B.C.– national and CA legal definition of being drunk is

0.08 (after possibly 3-4 drinks)– effects the nervous system and results in

behavioral and emotional changes


ALCOHOL (CONT.)

– drug– ethyl alcohol is a psychoactive drug classified as

a depressant– depresses activity of the central nervous system– alcohol seems like a stimulant but later depresses

physiological and psychological responses


ALCOHOL (CONT.)

• Nervous system– affects many parts of the nervous system– stimulates GABA neural receptors, leads to

feeling less anxious and less inhibited– also impairs the anterior cingulate cortex,

monitors the control of motor actions– drinkers fail to recognize their impaired motor

performance (driving)– high doses: depresses vital breathing reflexes in

the medulla (brain stem) – may lead to death


ALCOHOL (CONT.)

• Dangers– hangover– includes upset stomach, dizziness, fatigue,

headache, and depression – repeated and heavy drinking can result in

tolerance, addiction, and dependency– withdrawal symptoms– shaking, nausea, anxiety, diarrhea, hallucinations,

and disorientation– another serious problem, blackout– occur after heavy and repeated drinking


ALCOHOL (CONT.)

• Dangers (cont.)– blackouts– person seems to behave normally but does not

remember what happened when sober– repeated and heavy drinking can also result in

liver damage, alcoholism, and brain damage


ALCOHOL (CONT.)

• Risk factors– genetic risk factors– refer to inherited biases for predispositions that

increase the potential for alcoholism– genetic factors contribute 50 to 60% to the

reasons a person becomes an alcoholic


Beer and Ball: Student Binge Drinking


MARIJUANA

• Use and effects– Most widely used illegal drug– medical marijuana– can be effective in treating nausea and vomiting

associated with chemotherapy, appetite loss in AIDS patients, eye disease (glaucoma), muscle spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis, and some forms of pain

– gateway effect– says that using marijuana leads young people to

try harder drugs


MARIJUANA (CONT.)

– psychoactive drug whose primary active ingredient is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)

– depending on the user’s state of mind, marijuana can either heighten or distort pleasant or unpleasant experiences, moods, or feelings


MARIJUANA (CONT.)

– THC receptors are located throughout the brain, including the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, limbic system, cerebellum, and basal ganglia

– the brain itself makes a chemical similar to THC

(anandamide) currently under study


MARIJUANA (CONT.)

• Dangers– can cause temporary changes in cognitive

functioning– can temporarily decrease secretion of various

hormones and effectiveness of the immune system

– respiratory problems like bronchitis and asthma– high doses: may cause toxic psychoses, including

delusions, paranoia, and feelings of terror


Drugs, Brain, & Behavior

• Brain structures that may correspond with behaviors:– Thalamus: hallucinations, impaired decision-

making– Hypothalamus: nausea, decreased appetite– Amygdala: Intense emotions, anxiety relief– Hippocampus: impaired decision-making– Pons: slowing of time, relaxed euphoria,

drowsiness, alertness/wakefulness– Cerebellum: relaxation of body muscles, tremors– Medulla: increased heart beat, coma, death

introduction to psychology, 7th edition, rod plotnik module 8: hypnosis module 8 hypnosis and drugs

Documents

hypnosis module

hypnosis drugs

theories of hypnosis

rod plotnik module

drugs slide

states theory of hypnosis

drug slide

outcome slide