introduction to process technology unit 4 basic physics
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Process Introduction to Process TechnologyTechnology
Unit 4Basic Physics
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• What is Physics?• Why is Physics Important to Proc Oper?• Properties and Structure of Matter• Types of Energy• Temperature & Thermal Heat Transfer• Physics Laws• Flow Rates• Force and Pressure• Work and Mechanical Efficiencies• Electricity
Today’s AgendaToday’s Agenda
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• Physics is the study of matter and energy
• Matter
• Energy
What is Physics?What is Physics?
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Why Physics is Important to Proc Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs & Engineers & Other Techs & Engineers & Other
TechniciansTechnicians
• Explains the basic principles of the equipment they use on a day-to-day basis. Examples –
• Allows them to understand the processes used to convert raw products to end products
• Maintaining safe operations
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Why Physics is Important to Proc Why Physics is Important to Proc TechsTechs
• Allows them to understand how to troubleshoot the process or to identify a problem and then solve the problem
• Allows them to understand how the process affects other processes downstream
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• Solids• Liquids• Gases• Plasma
Matter and its StatesMatter and its States
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Conservation of MatterConservation of Matter
• Matter cannot be created or destroyed; only changed
• Matter is considered to be indestructible
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• Mass
• Weight
• Volume
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter Matter
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• Density
• Specific Gravity
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
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• Inertia• Force• Pressure• Buoyancy• Velocity
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
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Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
• Porosity• Elasticity• Friction• Viscosity• Hardness• Tenacity (tensile strength)
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Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
• Ductility• Malleability• Conductivity• Adhesion• Surface Tension• Capillary Action• Temperature• Cohesive Force
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• Atoms– Protons– Neutrons– Electrons
• Molecule
Structure of MatterStructure of Matter
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• Atomic Number
• Atomic Weight
Structure of Matter Structure of Matter (Continued)(Continued)
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States of EnergyStates of Energy
• Potential
• Kinetic
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Temperature and State Temperature and State ChangesChanges
• Temperature• State Changes
– Evaporation– Boiling– Melting– Freezing– Condensing– Sublimation– Deposition
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Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales
• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Absolute Zero– Kelvin = oC + 273– Rankine = oF + 460
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Temperature (BTU) Temperature (BTU) TransferTransfer
• British Thermal Unit (BTU)
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
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Boiling PointBoiling Point
• The temperature of a liquid when its vapor pressure = the surrounding pressure
• Increasing the pressure of a system increases boiling point and vice versa… that is why water boils at a lower temperature up in the mountains compared to the coast
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Vapor PressureVapor Pressure
• Vapor pressure– A measure of a liquid’s volatility and
tendency to form a vapor– A function of the physical and chemical
properties of the liquid– At a given temperature, a substance with
higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure
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Relationship of Boiling Relationship of Boiling Point/vapor pressure/ Point/vapor pressure/ surrounding pressuresurrounding pressure
• Liquids w/ High VP – Low BP• Liquids w/ Low VP – High BP• As surrounding Pressure
increases, then boiling point of liquid increases
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Heat Rate EquationHeat Rate Equation
• Important for steam production, use
•Heat Rate = steam flow x specific heat capacity of steam x change in temperature
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Thermal EfficiencyThermal Efficiency
• Applied to heat exchanger optimization
• Efficiency = (temperature in – temperature out)
temperature in
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Physics LawsPhysics Laws
• Governing Gases – – Boyle’s Law– Charles’ Law– Gay-Lussac’s Law – Avogadro’s Law– Combined Gas Law– Ideal Gas Law– Dalton’s Law
• Governing Gases & Liquids - Bernoulli’s Law
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NASA Video
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NASA Video
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General Gas LawGeneral Gas Law
• P1V1 = P2V2
n1 T1 n2 T2
Tanker Implodes http://www.break.com/index/tanker-implodes.html
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Dalton’s Law of Partial Dalton’s Law of Partial PressuresPressures
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Principles of Liquid Principles of Liquid PressurePressure
• Liquid pressure is directly proportional to density of liquid
• Liquid pressure is proportional to height (amount) of liquid
• Liquid pressure is exerted in a perpendicular direction on the walls of vessel
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Principles of Liquid Principles of Liquid PressurePressure
• Liquid pressure is exerted equality in all directions
• Liquid pressure at the base of a tank in not affected by the size or shape of tank’
• Liquid pressure transmits applied force equally, without loss, inside an enclosed container
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Flow RateFlow Rate
• Flowrate = Volume Time
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Bernouli’s PrincipleBernouli’s Principle
• States that in a closed process with a constant flow rate:– Changes in fluid velocity (kinetic energy)
decrease or increase pressure– Kinetic-energy and pressure-energy changes
correspond to pipe-size changes– Pipe-diameter changes cause velocity
changes– Pressure-energy, kinetic-energy (or fluid
velocity), and pipe-diameter changes are related
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Bernoulli PrincipleBernoulli Principle
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Bernoulli’s PrincipleBernoulli’s Principle
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Fluid FlowFluid Flow
• Laminar Flow
• Turbulent Flow
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Laminar FlowLaminar Flow
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Turbulent FlowTurbulent Flow
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Turbulent flowTurbulent flow
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Reynolds Number (R)Reynolds Number (R)
• Used to size pipe to ensure proper flow (either laminar or turbulent)
R = (Fluid Velocity)(Inside Diameter of Pipe)(Fluid Density)
Absolute Fluid Viscosity
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Flow of SolidsFlow of Solids
• A variety of gases are used to transfer solids– Nitrogen (most common since inert),
air, chlorine, and hydrogen– In proper combination, these allow
solids to respond like fluids– Examples – plastics manufacture,
catalytic cracking units, vacuum systems
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Measuring HeavinessMeasuring Heaviness
• Baume Gravity – standard used by industrial manufacturers to measure nonhydrocarbon heaviness
• API Gravity – measures heaviness of hydrocarbons
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Force and PressureForce and Pressure
• Pressure = Force Area
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Gauge MeasurementsGauge Measurements
• Absolute Pressure = atmospheric + Gauge
• Gauge pressure = anything above atmospheric– Gauge P = Absolute P – Atmospheric P
• Vacuum = a pressure below atmospheric
• Where atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg = 1 torr
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WorkWork
• Work = Force x Distance
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Mechanical AdvantageMechanical Advantage
• Mechanical Advantage = Resistance
Effort
or Work OutWork In
MA > 1 is good… so the larger the MA the better
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Mechanical Advantage - Mechanical Advantage - MomentsMoments
• Inclined Plane and MALength of planeHeight of plane
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Mechanical Advantage & Mechanical Advantage & EfficiencyEfficiency
Efficiency = Actual MA Ideal MA
Efficiency can never be > 1
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ElectricityElectricity
• Electric current – • Electricity –• Direct Current –
– Example – battery
• Alternating Current –– Example – power generating station
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ElectricityElectricity
• Ohm’s Law – relationship between current (A for amps), resistance (Ω for ohms), and electrical potential (voltage – v for volts)
• Voltage = Resistance x Current