introduction to process technology basic physics
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Process Introduction to Process TechnologyTechnology
Basic Physics
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• What is Physics?• Why is Physics Important to Proc Oper?• Properties and Structure of Matter• Types of Energy• Temperature & Thermal Heat Transfer• Physics Laws• Flow Rates• Force and Pressure• Work and Mechanical Efficiencies• Electricity
Today’s AgendaToday’s Agenda
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What is Physics?What is Physics?
Sheldon Teaches Penny PhysicsFrom sitcom “The Big Bang
Theory”
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• Physics is the study of matter and energy
• Matter
• Energy
What is Physics?What is Physics?
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Why Physics is Important to Proc Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs & Engineers & Other Techs & Engineers & Other
TechniciansTechnicians
• Explains the basic principles of the equipment they use on a day-to-day basis. Examples –
• Allows them to understand the processes used to convert raw products to end products
• Maintaining safe operations
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Why Physics is Important to Proc Why Physics is Important to Proc TechsTechs
• Allows them to understand how to troubleshoot the process or to identify a problem and then solve the problem
• Allows them to understand how the process affects other processes downstream
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• Matter – object that takes up space– Solids – definite shape and volume– Liquids – definite volume, not shape– Gases – no definite volume or shape– Plasma – collection of charge
particles that form gas-like clouds or ion beams
Matter and its StatesMatter and its States
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Conservation of MatterConservation of Matter
• Matter cannot be created or destroyed; only changed
• Matter is considered to be indestructible
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States Changes of MatterStates Changes of Matter
• Melting – solid to liquid• Freezing – liquid to solid• Vaporization
– Boiling – liquid to gas (heat applied)– Evaporation – liquid to gas (natural)
• Condensation – vapor to liquid• Sublimation – solid to vapor• Deposition – vapor to solid
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• Mass – amount of a object• Weight – measure of force of
gravity on an object• Volume – amount of space an
object takes up
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter Matter
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Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
• Density – mass (weight) per unit volume
• Specific Gravity – comparison of density to that of water for solids and liquids and to air for gases
• Hardness – ability of one substance to scratch/mark another
• Odor – smell of substance
• Color – optical sensation produced by effect of light waves stiking surface
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• Inertia – tendancy of object to move or stay at rest
• Force – push or pull on object• Pressure – force exerted on a certain area• Buoyancy – objects’ ability to float• Flow – movement of fluids• Speed – distance object travels in given
time. Velocity – speed with direction
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
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Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
• Porosity – measure of small holes in an object
• Elasticity – ability of stretched object to regain original shape
• Friction resistance of one object sliding on another
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Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
• Viscosity – impedance of flow• Tenacity (tensile strength) –
strength of material against bends and pulls
• Ductility – ability to pull a material• Malleability – ability to mold a
material
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Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
• Conductivity – ability of material to allow flow of electrons
• Adhesion – materials that stick• Cohesive Force – allow materials
to resist being separated
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Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
• Surface Tension – property of surface of liquid that resists force
• Capillary Action – flow of a liquid up a tube without force
• Temperature – kinetic energy of molecules
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• Atoms – smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element– Protons – positively charged subatomic particle found in
the nucleus of an atom– Neutrons – subatomic particle found in the nucleus of
an atom that has no charge– Electrons – negatively charged subatomic particle found in
orbiting the nucleus of an atom-- Valence Electrons – outermost electrons which provide
links for bonding
• Molecule – neutral chemically bonded groups of atoms that act as a unit
• Isotope – elements with same number of protons, but different number of neutrons
Structure of MatterStructure of Matter
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• Atomic Number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
• Atomic Mass (Molecular Weight) – weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element predominantly from masses of protons & neutrons
• Determining Molecular Weight of Compound – Add all masses of each element. Remember to multiply if more than 1 present.
Structure of Matter Structure of Matter (Continued)(Continued)
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States of EnergyStates of Energy
• Potential – stored energy. Energy of height
• Kinetic – energy of motion
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Temperature and State Temperature and State ChangesChanges
• Temperature – kinetic energy of molecules
• Heat – transfer of energy as a result of temperature difference
• State Changes– Evaporation Boiling– Melting Freezing– Condensing Sublimation– Deposition
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Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales
• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Absolute Zero– Kelvin = oC + 273– Rankine = oF + 460
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Temperature Temperature MeasurementMeasurement
• Fahrenheit• Celsius• Kelvin• Rankine
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Temperature (BTU) Temperature (BTU) TransferTransfer
• British Thermal Unit (BTU)– Calorie – Metric System
• Conduction – heat exchange for objects in direct contact with each other
• Convection – heat from circulation of a material
• Radiation – heat moving through space
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Types of HeatTypes of Heat
• Specific heat – heat to raise 1 g. by 1 °C
• Sensible heat – heat transfer that results in temperature change
• Latent heat – heat that causes phase change, but not temp change
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Types of HeatTypes of Heat
• Latent heat of fusion – heat required to change solid to liquid without temp. change
• Latent heat of vaporization – heat required to change liquid to vapor without temp. change
• Latent heat of condensation – heat given off when vapor is converted to liquid without temperature change
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Boiling PointBoiling Point
• The temperature of a liquid when its vapor pressure = the surrounding pressure
• Increasing the pressure of a system increases boiling point and vice versa… that is why water boils at a lower temperature up in the mountains compared to the coast
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Vapor PressureVapor Pressure
• Vapor pressure– A measure of a liquid’s volatility and
tendency to form a vapor– A function of the physical and chemical
properties of the liquid– At a given temperature, a substance with
higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure
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Relationship of Boiling Relationship of Boiling Point/vapor pressure/ Point/vapor pressure/ surrounding pressuresurrounding pressure
• Liquids w/ High VP – Low BP• Liquids w/ Low VP – High BP• As surrounding Pressure
increases, then boiling point of liquid increases
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Heat Rate EquationHeat Rate Equation
• Heat = mass of material x material’s specific heat x change in temperature– Q = mCp∆T
• Important for steam production, use– Heat Rate = steam flow x specific
heat capacity of steam x change in temperature
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Thermal EfficiencyThermal Efficiency
• Applied to heat exchanger optimization
• Efficiency = (temperature in – temperature
out) X 100% temperature in
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Physics LawsPhysics Laws
• Governing Gases – – Boyle’s Law– Charles’ Law– Gay-Lussac’s Law – Avogadro’s Law– Combined Gas Law– Ideal Gas Law– Dalton’s Law
• Governing Gases & Liquids - Bernoulli’s Law
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NASA Video
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NASA Video
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General Gas LawGeneral Gas Law
• P1V1 = P2V2
n1 T1 n2 T2
Tanker Implodes http://www.break.com/index/tanker-implodes.html
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Dalton’s Law of Partial Dalton’s Law of Partial PressuresPressures
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Principles of Liquid Principles of Liquid PressurePressure
• Liquid pressure is directly proportional to density of liquid
• Liquid pressure is proportional to height (amount) of liquid
• Liquid pressure is exerted in a perpendicular direction on the walls of vessel
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Principles of Liquid Principles of Liquid PressurePressure
• Liquid pressure is exerted equality in all directions
• Liquid pressure at the base of a tank is not affected by the size or shape of tank’
• Liquid pressure transmits applied force equally, without loss, inside an enclosed container or a pipe
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Flow RateFlow Rate
• Flowrate = Volume Time
Qv = Avvolumetric flow rate = area of pipe x velocity of fluid
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Bernouli’s PrincipleBernouli’s Principle
• States that in a closed process with a constant flow rate:– Changes in fluid velocity (kinetic energy)
decrease or increase pressure– Kinetic-energy and pressure-energy changes
correspond to pipe-size changes– Pipe-diameter changes cause velocity
changes– Pressure-energy, kinetic-energy (or fluid
velocity), and pipe-diameter changes are related
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Bernoulli PrincipleBernoulli Principle
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Bernoulli’s PrincipleBernoulli’s Principle
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Fluid FlowFluid Flow
• Laminar Flow –– When a fluid moves through a
system in thin cylindrical sheets with little or no turbulence. Laminar flow allows the existence of static film, which acts as an insulator.
– Laminar flow occurs at lower flow rates and in high viscosity fluids.
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Fluid FlowFluid Flow
• Turbulent Flow – – When a fluid moving through a system
moves in a random or irregular pattern (turbulence), the fluid’s particles mix. Turbulent flow allows increased heat transfer to occur.
– Turbulent flow decreases the static film. Increased flow rates, low viscosity fluids and bends in pipe and other obstructions cause turbulent flow.
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•Fluid energy can be in several forms:–Kinetic energy (fluid motion)–System pressure and potential energy
–Heat energy (temperature]
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Fluid FlowFluid Flow
• Laminar Flow – fluid moves in thin sheets with little or no turbulence.
• Turbulent Flow – fluid moves in a random or irregular pattern with considerable mixing.
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
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Laminar FlowLaminar Flow
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Turbulent FlowTurbulent Flow
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Turbulent flowTurbulent flow
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Reynolds Number (R)Reynolds Number (R)
• Used to size pipe to ensure proper flow (either laminar or turbulent)
• Used to design to prevent erosion of pipes from too high a fluid velocity
R = (Fluid Velocity)(Inside Diameter of Pipe)(Fluid Density)
Absolute Fluid Viscosity
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Flow of SolidsFlow of Solids
• A variety of gases are used to transfer solids– Nitrogen (most common since inert),
air, chlorine, and hydrogen– In proper combination, these allow
solids to respond like fluids– Examples – plastics manufacture,
catalytic cracking units, vacuum systems
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Measuring HeavinessMeasuring Heaviness
• Baume Gravity – standard used by industrial manufacturers to measure nonhydrocarbon heaviness
• API Gravity – measures heaviness of hydrocarbons
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Force and PressureForce and Pressure
• Pressure = Force Area
Pressure exerted by a “head” of fluidHeight of fluid x Density of fluid
144 in2/ft2
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Gauge MeasurementsGauge Measurements
• Absolute Pressure = atmospheric + Gauge
• Gauge pressure = anything above atmospheric– Gauge P = Absolute P – Atmospheric P
• Vacuum = a pressure below atmospheric
• Where atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg = 1 torr
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Pressure MeasurementPressure Measurement
• Gauge• Absolute• Vacuum
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WorkWork
• Work = Force x Distance
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Mechanical AdvantageMechanical Advantage
• Mechanical Advantage = Resistance Effortor Work OutWork In
(MA > 1 is good… so the larger the MA the better)or Force OutForce In
(MA < 1 is good… so the smaller the MA the better)
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Mechanical Advantage - Mechanical Advantage - MomentsMoments
• Inclined Plane and MALength of planeHeight of plane
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Mechanical Advantage & Mechanical Advantage & EfficiencyEfficiency
Efficiency = Actual MA x 100%
Ideal MA
Efficiency can never be > 1
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ElectricityElectricity
• Electric current – • Electricity –• Direct Current –
– Example – battery
• Alternating Current –– Example – power generating station
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mozGbPNFf8c
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ElectricityElectricity
• Ohm’s Law – relationship between current (A for amps), resistance (Ω for ohms), and electrical potential (voltage – v for volts)
• Voltage = Resistance x Current
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ElectricityElectricity
• Power = Voltage / Current
• To determine power costs, multiply cost per kwhr X dollars per kwhr X hours the equipment operated
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ElectricityElectricity
• Parallel Circuits – electricity can only flow in one path. If path is broken, electrons (current) cannot flow
• Series Circuits – electricity can flow in more than one direction, so if one path is disrupted electricity still flows