introduction to poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (pfas) · 14.mcguire, meghan e., et al....
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INTRODUCTIONTOPOLY- ANDPERFLUOROALKYLSUBSTANCES(PFAS)Jennifer Guelfo, PhDState Agencies Liaison, Brown SRPMay 8th-10th, 2017
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BrownUniversitySuperfundResearchProgram
NewEnglandPFASdrinkingwaterissuesemerge
Effectivemanagementtoolsinplace
Stakeholderknowledgeneeded
ResearchTranslationtoStakeholders
Stakeholdersouline criticalchallenges
CompletePFASresearch
DevelopPFASresearchobjectives
INTRODUCTION:ROLEOFRESEARCHTRANSLATION
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PRESENTATIONOUTLINE
PFAS Overview
Uses & Sources
Regulation, Sampling &
analysis
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PRESENTATIONOUTLINE
PFAS Overview
Uses & Sources
Regulation, Sampling &
analysis
• Terminology• ManufacturingProcesses• Chemistry
61Buck, Robert C., et al. Integrated environmental assessment and management 7.4 (2011): 513-541.
PFASOVERVIEW:TERMINOLOGY&STRUCTURE1
PFASOVERVIEW:TERMINOLOGY&STRUCTURE
F
F
F
F
F
C
m
O
O-
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates(PFCAs):
Examples:m=2PFBAm=4PFHxAm=6PFOA
F
F
F
F
F
S
m
O
O
O-
Perfluoroalkane sulfonates(PFSAs):
Examples:m=3PFBSm=5PFHxSm=7PFOS
7
Per=fullyfluorinatedalkyltail.
8
Polyfluoroalkyl substances:m=56:2FtSm=78:2FtSF
F
F
F
Fm
H
H2
S
O
O
O-
Poly=partiallyfluorinatedalkyltail.
F
F
F
F
F
C
m
O
O-
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates(PFCAs):
Examples:m=2PFBAm=4PFHxAm=6PFOA
F
F
F
F
F
S
m
O
O
O-
Perfluoroalkane sulfonates(PFSAs):
Examples:m=3PFBSm=5PFHxSm=7PFOS
PFASOVERVIEW:TERMINOLOGY&STRUCTURE
9
Polyfluoroalkyl substances:m=56:2FtSm=78:2FtSF
F
F
F
Fm
H
H2
S
O
O
O-
Per + Poly =Per &polyfluoro alkylsubstances(PFAS)
F
F
F
F
F
C
m
O
O-
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates(PFCAs):
Examples:m=2PFBAm=4PFHxAm=6PFOA
F
F
F
F
F
S
m
O
O
O-
Perfluoroalkane sulfonates(PFSAs):
Examples:m=3PFBSm=5PFHxSm=7PFOS
PFASOVERVIEW:TERMINOLOGY&STRUCTURE
Polyfluroalkyl substancesthatcanundergotransformationtoformperfluoroalkylacids
Whatisaprecursor?
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8:2 FtTAoS(precursor)
8:2 FtS(intermediate)
PFOA(terminal endpoint)
2. Harding-Marjanovic, Katie C., et al. "Aerobic biotransformation of fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonate (Lodyne) in AFFF-amended microcosms." Environmental science & technology 49.13 (2015): 7666-7674.
PFASOVERVIEW:TERMINOLOGY&STRUCTURE
FigureadaptedfromRef.2
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3. Backe, Will J., Thomas C. Day, and Jennifer A. Field. "Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic fluorinated chemicals in aqueous film forming foam formulations and groundwater from US military bases by nonaqueous large-volume injection HPLC-MS/MS." Environmental science & technology 47.10 (2013): 5226-5234.
PFASOVERVIEW:TERMINOLOGY&STRUCTURE
FigureadaptedfromRef.3
+-
Liquidhydrogenfluoride(HF)
H2
Organicrawmaterial
4. Kissa, Erik, ed. Fluorinated surfactants and repellents. Vol. 97. CRC Press, 2001.
Cathode
2H++2e-èH2
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PFASOVERVIEW:MANUFACTURINGElectrochemicalfluorination4
+-
Liquidhydrogenfluoride(HF)
H2
Organicrawmaterial
4. Kissa, Erik, ed. Fluorinated surfactants and repellents. Vol. 97. CRC Press, 2001.
AnodeCH4CH3
CH3F
CH2F2CHF3
CF4
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PFASOVERVIEW:MANUFACTURINGElectrochemicalfluorination4
14
+-
Liquidhydrogenfluoride(HF)
H2
Organicrawmaterial
4. Kissa, Erik, ed. Fluorinated surfactants and repellents. Vol. 97. CRC Press, 2001.
C8F17SO2FOctanesulfonyl fluoride
C8H17SO2FPerfluorooctane sulfonyl
fluoride
C8F17SO2FPerfluorooctane sulfonyl
fluoride
C8F17SO2HPerfluorooctane sulfonic
acid(PFOS)
AnodeCH4CH3
CH3F
CH2F2CHF3
CF4
Electrochemicalfluorination4PFASOVERVIEW:MANUFACTURING
YZ +nA Y- (A)n - ZTelogen Taxogen Telomer
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Telemorization1,4PFASOVERVIEW:MANUFACTURING
F(CF2)nICF2=CF2Tetrafluoroethylene
n=desiredchainlength
YZ +nA Y- (A)n - ZTelogen Taxogen Telomer
F(CF2)2IPerfluoroalkyl iodide,e.g.pentafluoroethyl iodide
+Perfluoroalkyl iodide
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PFASOVERVIEW:MANUFACTURINGTelemorization1,4
F(CF2)nICF2=CF2Tetrafluoroethylene
n=desiredchainlength
YZ +nA Y- (A)n - ZTelogen Taxogen Telomer
F(CF2)2IPerfluoroalkyl iodide,e.g.pentafluoroethyl iodide
+
Perfluoroalkyl iodideF(CF2)nCH2CH2ICH2=CH2
Ethylene n:2Fluorotelomer iodideF(CF2)nI +Ex.1
Perfluoroalkyl iodideCF3(CF2)n-1CF2OOH+½I2Perfluoroalkyl carboxylicacid
F(CF2)nIEx.2 Oleum,heat,pressure
Perfluoroalkyl iodide
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PFASOVERVIEW:MANUFACTURINGTelemorization1,4
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PFASOVERVIEW:CHEMISTRY
C F𝛿+ 𝛿-
• Strongestcovalentbondinorganicchemistry
• Polarbond
FluorineProperty:highelectronegativity4,5
Description: Effects:
5. Banks, Ronald Eric, Bruce E. Smart, and J. C. Tatlow, eds. Organofluorine chemistry: principles and commercial applications. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
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C F𝛿+ 𝛿-
• Strongestcovalentbondinorganicchemistry
• Polarbond
FluorineProperty:highelectronegativity4,5
C CFF
F FF C
O
O
Description: Effects:
ResultingPFASproperties:
H
+
-
• Strongacidity(lowpKa)*• Thermalstability• Chemicalstability
*Whenpairedwithanacidicfunctionalgroup
PFASOVERVIEW:CHEMISTRY4,5
5. Banks, Ronald Eric, Bruce E. Smart, and J. C. Tatlow, eds. Organofluorine chemistry: principles and commercial applications. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
PFASOVERVIEW:CHEMISTRY
Description:
FluorineProperty:lowpolarizability4,5
- -- -- - +++ +
+ +Polarizable
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PFASOVERVIEW:CHEMISTRY
• Weakintermolecularinteractions
• Ex:vanderWaals
Description: Effects:
FluorineProperty:lowpolarizability4,5
--- -
-- +++ +
++
Notpolarizable
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PFASOVERVIEW:CHEMISTRY
• Weakintermolecularinteractions
• Ex:vanderWaals
Description: Effects:
ResultingPFASproperties:
• Amphiphilic(hydrophobic&lipophobic
FluorineProperty:lowpolarizability4,5
--- -
-- +++ +
++
Notpolarizable
C CFF
F FF F
Air
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PFASOVERVIEW:CHEMISTRY
• Weakintermolecularinteractions
• Ex:vanderWaals
C CFF
F FF C
O
O-
Description: Effects:
ResultingPFASproperties:
• Amphiphilic(hydrophobic&lipophobic
• Surfactant*
FluorineProperty:lowpolarizability4,5
--- -
-- +++ +
++
Notpolarizable
*Whenpairedwithahydrophilicfunctionalgroup
Air Water
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CHEMISTRY3FluorineProperty:smallsize4,5
Description:9F17Cl35Br53I85At
• Atomicradius=0.72Å• Shieldscarbon
Effects:
CC
CC
R-
F
F
F
F
ResultingPFASproperties:
• Chemicalstability
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PRESENTATIONOUTLINE
PFAS Overview
Uses & Sources
Regulation, Sampling &
analysis
• Summaryofstateregulations• TargetmethodsandPFASs,statebystate• Typicalsampleprecautions• Aretheyreallyneeded?
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PFASREGULATION,SAMPLING&ANALYSIS
State DrinkingWaterStandard OtherMatrices? Which?
Connecticut70ng/L∑PFOA,PFOS,PFNA,PFHxS,PFHpA Yes Soil,groundwater
Maine 70 ng/L∑PFOA,PFOS1 Yes1
Soil,sediment,groundwater,surfacewater,fish
Massachusetts 70ng/L∑PFOA,PFOS No NANewHampshire 70ng/L∑PFOA,PFOS Yes Soil
NewJersey 40 ng/LPFOA2 10 ng/LPFNA2 No NANewYork 70 ng/L∑PFOA,PFOS3 No NARhodeIsland 70ng/L∑PFOA,PFOS No NAVermont 20ng/L∑PFOA,PFOS Yes Soil1.Guidelines(notstandards)2.Standardunderreview3.OtherPFASsmaybeconsideredif∑PFOA,PFOSisslightlylessthan70ng/L
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State DrinkingWater SoilGround- andSurfacewater TargetPFAS
CT EPA537 ASTMD-7968-14 ASTMD7979-15 Nosetlist(moreisbetter)ME EPA537 EPA537 EPA537 26PFAS(listnotprovided)
MAEPA537orotherapprovedmethod NA NA UCMR3
NH
DoD/NELAPcertifiedlaborEPA537
DoD/NELAPcertifiedlab
DoD/NELAPcertifiedlab
PFBA,PFPeA,PFHxA,PFHpA,PFOA,PFNA,PFBS,PFHxS,PFOS
NJ EPA5371 NA NA
PFHxA,PFHpA,PFOA,PFNA,PFDA,PFUnA,PFDoA,PFTrDA,PFTA,PFBS,PFHxS,PFOS
NYEPA537(past)ISO25101(now) NA NA
UCMR3+othersdependingonlab
RI EPA537 NA NA SeeNewHampshire
VT EPA537 EPA537UCMR3required,12usuallyreported
DoD=DepartmentofDefenseNELAP=NationalEnvironmentalLaboratoryAccreditationProgram1.AtNJDEP-certifiedlabwithRL≤6ng/LforPFOAand≤10ng/LforallotherPFASs
PFASREGULATION,SAMPLING&ANALYSIS
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PFASREGULATION,SAMPLING&ANALYSIS
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•SomeliteratureshowPFASoccurrenceincosmetics,sunscreens6,7
•Textbooks/literaturesupporthistoricaluseinotherrelevantproducts(butw/nosupportinganalysis)4
•Noliteraturedataabouttransferfromprohibiteditemsduringsampling•Unpublisheddatasuggestsnotransferfrommanyfieldmaterials(e.g.personalproducts,fieldnotebooks,etc.)
But…
?
Bottomline: Manyprecautionsmayproveunnecessarybutcurrentlythereislittledatatosupportwhichcanbeeliminated
PFASREGULATION,SAMPLING&ANALYSIS
6. Keawmanee, Sasipin, Suwanna Kitpati Boontanon, and Narin Boontanon. "Method development and initial results of testing for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in waterproof sunscreens." Environmental Engineering Research 20.2 (2015): 127-132.
7. Fujii, Yukiko, Kouji H. Harada, and Akio Koizumi. "Occurrence of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in personal care products and compounding agents." Chemosphere 93.3 (2013): 538-544.
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PRESENTATIONOUTLINE
PFAS Overview
Uses & Sources
• PFASmanufacturing• AFFF• Othermanufacturing• Wastestreams
Regulation, Sampling &
analysis
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PFASUSES&SOURCESPFASManufacturing(NAICS325)8,9PFASmanufacturers• Arkema• Asahi• BASF/Ciba• Clariant
• Daikin• 3M/Dyneon• DuPont/Chemours• SolvaySolexis
Currentmanufacturingfocus:• 3M:noAFFForfoodwrappers,currentfocuson‘shortchain’(PFCA<8,PFSA<6),Ex:PFBS-basedproducts,ADONA
• DuPont:GenX (aperfluropolyether)• Daikin:6:2fluorotelomer products• Solvay:perfluoropolyethers• Asahi:perfluoropolyethers
8. Wang, Zhanyun, et al. "Fluorinated alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their potential precursors." Environment international 60 (2013): 242-248.
9. http://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/sustainability-us/policies-reports/3m-and-fluorochemicals/
• Dynax
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PFASUSES&SOURCESPFASManufacturing(NAICS325)
Sourcezoneexamples:10,11• 3M,MN• 3M,AL• Daikin,AL
10. Yingling, Virginia. "Perfluorochemicals: How Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions Helped Create a Megaplume." 2014 NGWA Groundwater Summit. Ngwa, 2014.
11. Oliaei, Fardin, et al. "PFOS and PFC releases and associated pollution from a PFC production plant in Minnesota (USA)." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20.4 (2013): 1977-1992.
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AFFFandPFAS:13• 3M,1980’s-2000:
• ~7-13g/LPFCAs+PFSAs• 4.9-11.4g/LPFOS• 0.5-1.4g/LPFHxS• Negligibleprecursors
• 3M,NationalFoam,Buckeye,Chemguard,Ansul,2000’s-present:
• NegligiblePFCAs+PFSAs• Primarilyprecursors
H2O + AFFF
Liquid hydrocarbon
PFAS (fluorocarbon surfactant)Hydrocarbon surfactant
AqueousFilmFormingFoams(AFFF,NAICS325)PFASUSES&SOURCES
12.Moody, Cheryl A., and Jennifer A. Field. "Perfluorinated surfactants and the environmental implications of their use in fire-fighting foams." Environmental science & technology 34.18 (2000): 3864-3870.
13.Houtz, Erika F., et al. "Persistence of perfluoroalkyl acid precursors in AFFF-impacted groundwater and soil." Environmental science & technology 47.15 (2013): 8187-8195.
Adapted from ref. 12
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PFASUSES&SOURCESAFFFmanufacturers:• 3Mbefore2002• Chemguard• Ansul• NationalFoam• Angus
AFFFendusers:• DepartmentofDefense• Airports• Firestations• Firetrainingareas• Petroleum(NAICS324)
• Solberg
Sourcezoneexamples:14-16• EllsworthAFB,SD• Wurtsmith AFB,SD
14. McGuire, Meghan E., et al. "Evidence of remediation-induced alteration of subsurface poly-and perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) distribution at a former firefighter training area." (2014).
15.Moody, Cheryl A., et al. "Occurrence and persistence of perfluorooctanesulfonate and other perfluorinated surfactants in groundwater at a fire-training area at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, USA." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 5.2 (2003): 341-345.
16.Schultz, Melissa M., et al. "Quantitative determination of fluorotelomer sulfonates in groundwater by LC MS/MS." Environmental science & technology 38.6 (2004): 1828-1835.
PFOS • TyndallAFB,FL
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Emulsionpolymerization
EmulsionpolymerizationandPFASs• PFOAhistoricallyforPTFEandothers• PFNAhistoricallyforpolyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)• Usedas‘polymerizationaids’inemulsionpolymerization• Solubilizemonomers• Generatesfinepowderanddispersedfluoropolymers• Usedprimarilyincoatings(e.g.metals,plastics,fabrics)
Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
PFASUSES&SOURCESOthermanufacturing:fluoropolymer(NAICS325,326)
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PFASUSES&SOURCES
Sourcezoneexamples:17,18• DuPont,Parkersburg,WV• St.Gobain,NY,VT
Examplereplacementpolymerizationaids:8
17. Davis, Katherine L., et al. "Transport of ammoniumperfluorooctanoate in environmental media near a fluoropolymermanufacturing facility." Chemosphere 67.10 (2007): 2011-2019.
18.Shin, Hyeong-Moo, et al. "Environmental fate and transport modeling for perfluorooctanoic acid emitted from the Washington Works Facility in West Virginia." Environmental science & technology 45.4 (2011): 1435-1442.
Othermanufacturing:fluoropolymer(NAICS325,326)
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Othermanufacturing:MiscellaneousPFASUSES&SOURCES
Electroplating(NAICS332)• PFOSusedasmistsuppressant
ElectroplatingreplacementPFAS8
Paper• PFASusedasgrease/waterrepellant
Textiles(NAICS313),carpets(NAICS314,561),furnishings(NAICS423)• Stain-resistantcoatings• Textilessourcezone:Amherst,NH(NHDES)
Plusotherusestoonumeroustolist
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PFASUSES&SOURCESOthersources:WWTPs,biosolids,landfills
Consumer/industrialproducts
Biosolids23,24
Leachate19,20
Effluent21,22
Considerations• PFASoccurinindustrially- andmunicpally- sourcedwastestreams• TargetPFASwillvarybasedonwastereceived
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Othersources:WWTPs,biosolids,landfills
PFASUSES&SOURCES
19. Benskin, Jonathan P., et al. "Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in landfill leachate: patterns, time trends, and sources." Environmental science & technology 46.21 (2012): 11532-11540.
20. Huset, Carin A., et al. "Quantitative determination of fluorochemicals in municipal landfill leachates." Chemosphere 82.10 (2011): 1380-1386.
21. Loganathan, Bommanna G., et al. "Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in two wastewater treatment facilities in Kentucky and Georgia." Water Research 41.20 (2007): 4611-4620.
22. Schultz, Melissa M., et al. "Fluorochemical mass flows in a municipal wastewater treatment facility." Environmental science & technology 40.23 (2006): 7350.
23. Yoo, Hoon, et al. "Analysis of perfluorinated chemicals in sludge: Method development and initial results." Journal of Chromatography A 1216.45 (2009): 7831-7839.
24. Sepulvado, Jennifer G., et al. "Occurrence and fate of perfluorochemicals in soil following the land application of municipal biosolids." Environmental science & technology 45.19 (2011): 8106-8112.
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PFASUSES&SOURCESPotentialPFASsources,RI
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41.2
41.4
41.6
41.8
42.0
−71.8 −71.6 −71.4 −71.2Longitude
Latit
ude
FacilityType
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airport
fire station
fire training
landfill
manufacturing facility
Futureworkandresources:• FrameworkforgeospatialIDof
potentialPFASsourcezones(Brown)•NIEHSwebinar(6/17):https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/centers/srp/events/riskelearning/analytical/index.cfm
• PFASFactSheets(ITRC)•History&Use(8/17)•Nomenclature(8/17)•RegulatorySummary(8/17)•Fate&Transport(12/17)•SiteCharacterization(12/17)•Remediation(12/17)•Reviewedby:EPA,DOD,DOE,industry,stakeholder,academic