Speech Sounds and Their System

Claudia Judith Mosquera MuñozForeign Language Department Teacher

/fə'netɪks/

PhoneticsCommunication

processIPAArticulationConsonantsVowel

TOPICS:

What is Phonetics? the science of

speech sounds

provide the set of features or properties

describe and distinguish all the sounds

Phonetics is the study of the way people physical produce and perceive the different sounds we use to create speech. These sounds are called phonemes and are created by the various 'organs of speech' in the body, including the tongue, the soft and hard palate, lips, pharynx, etc. Phonetics, unlike phonology, is not concerned in any way with the meaning connected to these sounds.

Phoneme: A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.

Three sub-fields of phonetics

articulatory （） phonetics

acoustic （） phonetics

auditory （） phonetics

speech production by

the speech organs

physical properties of speech sounds

perception of

speech sounds

Three sub-fields of phonetics

articulatery /ɑ:´tɪkjʊlətli/ phonetics

acoustic /ə’ku:stɪk/ phonetics

auditory /’ɔ:dɪtri/ phonetics

speech production by

the speech organs /’ɔ:gəns/

physical properties of speech sounds

perception of

speech sounds

I take it you already knowOf tough and bough and cough and dough? [tΛf] [bau] [kɔf] [dəʊ]Others may stumble but not youOn hiccough, thorough, lough and through. ['hɪkΛp] ['ѲΛrə] [lɔk] [Ѳru:]Well done! And now you wish, perhaps,To learn of less familiar traps?

Can you read this ？

Bough= ramaDough= masa, plata, lanaThorough=riguroso,concienzudo

International Phonetic Alphabet

The tool in phonetics used to transcribe/træn'skraɪb/ speech sounds of

different languages /'læŋgwɪdʒ/

/θrəʊt/

Ways to describe sounds place of articulation /ɑ:’tɪkjʊleɪʃən/ （） :

WHERE the sound is made

manner of articulation （） :

HOW the tongue, lips, etc. are configured/kən'fɪgərt/ to produce the sound

Articulation

The production of different speech sounds through the use

of speech organs

Speech organs

/'lærɪŋks/

/epɪglɒtɪs/

/'pælət/

/'neɪzəl/

/'kævəti/

/ælvi’əʊlə/

/dʒɔ:/

/’glɒtɪs/

(The soft palate.)

Labio-dental [f]

Alveolar [r]

Palato-alveolar [ʃ]

Fresh fried fish, Fish fresh fried, Fried fish fresh, Fish fried fresh.

Velum: A membranous cover that resembles a curtain or veil.. the soft palate behind the hard palate.

Uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate.

Pharyngeal cavity: Is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to (behind) the mouth and nasal cavity,

Epiglottis: The thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongue that folds over the glottis to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during the act of swallowing.

Speech OrgansOrgan Speech function

Lungs supply airstream

Vocal cords

produce vibration in resonating cavity

Tongue articulate sounds

Teeth provide passive articulator and acoustic baffle(frustrate)

Lips articulate sounds

The principal cavities or resonators: pharyngeal cavity oral cavity nasal cavity labial cavity

The vocal tract: the long tubular structure formed by the pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity and nasal cavity

/ˈrezəneɪtər/

/ˈfær.ɪŋkdʒəl/ /

leɪbiəl

/neɪzəl/

Process of articulation

The air breathed in → lungs → the air pressed out →windpipe (specialized trachea/trə’ki:ə/)

→ larynx /'lærɪŋks/ →

↗mouth cavity Pharynx/’færɪŋks/ → ↘ nasal cavity

/trə’ki:ə/

Consonants

A sound made by a closure /'kləʊʒə(r)/ in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing from which air cannot escape without producing audible /'ɔ:dəbəl/

friction.

Consonant

Consonants are described in terms of three dimensions:   whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating—voicing;  where the sound is being made—the place of articulation;  and how the sound is being made—the manner of articulation.    All three are really just descriptions of what happens as to the flow of air as a consonant is produced.   

Voicing.   If the vocal cords are vibrating when the air flow passes through the larynx (in the voice box), the sound is described as voiced;  if not, the consonant is described as voiceless. 

Possible places of articulation for consonants

Type consonants

Bilabial/baɪleɪ.bi.əl/: bi- 'two' + labi- 'lip' + -al

Sounds made with two lips

[p] [b] [m]

Labio-dental: labio- 'lip' + dent- 'tooth' + -al

Sounds made with the upper teeth and the lower lip.

[f] [v]

Interdental: inter- 'between' + dent- 'tooth' + -al

Sounds made between the teeth

[θ] [ð]

Alveolar: alveol- + -ar Sounds made at the alveolar ridge, the

bumpy ridge just behind the teeth

[t] [d] [n] [l] [r] [s] [z]

Palatal: palat- + -al Sounds made behind the alveolar ridge

[j]

Palato-alveolar:

Sounds made at the velum. [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]

possible places of articulation for consonants

Type consonants

Velar [k] [g] [ŋ ] Glottal glott-  + -al

Sounds made at the voice box, that is, at the glottis.

[h] English uses the glottal "fricative" [h]

Retroflex

are made with the tongue tip curled back

[r]

Uvular A voiced uvualar trill or fricative (depending on the

dialect) is used for the R sound of European French and increasingly in Canadian French.

Pharyngeal We have seen that a pharyngeal approximant is one of the three gestures that make up an English [r]. It is

possible to narrow the pharynx even more to create the radico-pharyngeal fricatives used in, for example, Arabic

Sounds made with either the tongue tip or the tongue blade as the active articulator

Bilabial [p, b, m] ([w])Labiodental [f, v]Dental [ ð θ]Alveolar [t, d, n, s, z, ɹ, l] Postalveolar [ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ ] Retroflex [r] Palatal [j]Velar [k, g, ŋ] Uvular French [r] PharyngealGlottal [h], [ʔ]

Blake's black bike's back brake bracket block broke

Can you read this?

Bilabial [b]

Alveolar [l], [r]

Write out the following proverbial expressions, which are given in broad transcription.

(1)     

/ðə roʊd tə hel ɪz peɪvd wɪð ɡʊd ɪntenʃənz/

(2)    

/bɜ:dz əv ə feðər flɑk təɡeðər/

(3)     

/ə roʊlɪŋ stoʊn ɡæðərz nəu mɑs/

(4)     

/ə wɑtʃt kɛtəl nevər bɔɪlz/

(5)     

/tʃeɪrɪt i bɪɡɪnz æt hoʊm/

(6)     

/evri klaʊd hæz ə sɪlvər laɪnɪŋ/

(7)     

/ɡreɪt maɪndz rʌn ɪn ðə seɪm tʃænəlz/

(8)     

/meni hændz meɪk laɪt wɔrk/

(9)     

/stɪl wɔ:tərz rʌn dip/

(10)     

/ði ɜ:li bɜ:d kætʃəz ðə wɜ:rm/

(11)     

/taɪm ænd taɪd weɪt fər nəu mæn/

(l2)     

/ ɒpə'tju:nəti nɑks bət wʌns/

(13)     

/ə ful ænd hɪz mʌni ɑ: su:n pɑrtɪd/

(14)     

/ ɔ:l wɜ:k ænd nəu pleɪ meɪks dʒæk ə dʌl bɔɪ/

(15)     

/ə stɪtʃ ɪn taɪm seɪvz naɪn/

(16)     

/ɪt eɪks tu: tə meɪk ə kwɔ:rəl/

(17)     

/ən æpəl ə deɪ kips ðə dɑktər əweɪ/

(1) The road to Hell is paved with good intentions.

(2) Birds of a feather flock together.

(3) A rolling stone gathers no moss.

(4) A watched kettle never boils.

(5) Charity begins at home.

(6) Every cloud has a silver lining.

(7) Great minds run in the same channels.

(8) Many hands make light work.

(9) Still waters run deep.

(10) The early bird catches the worm.

(11) Time and tide wait for no man.

(l2) Opportunity knocks but once.

(13) A fool and his money are soon parted.

(14) All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

(15) A stitch in time saves nine.

(16) It takes two to make a quarrel.

(17) An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Answer

1. El camino del infierno está empedrando de buenas intenciones2. Dios los cría y ellos se juntan.3. Piedra que rueda no cría moho.4. Un calentador de agua, vistos nunca hierve.5. La caridad empieza en casa.6. No hay mal que por bien no venga7. Las grandes mentes se ejecutan en los mismos canales.8. Muchas manos hacen el trabajo ligero.9. Aún así las aguas son profundas.10. Al que madruga, dios le ayuda.11. Tiempo y limpieza no espera a nadie12. Oportunidad de golpes, pero una vez.13. Un tonto y su dinero pronto se separaron.14. Todo el trabajo y nada de juego hacen de Jack un chico aburrido.15. Una puntada a tiempo ahorra nueve16. Se necesitan dos para hacer una pelea.17. Una manzana al día mantiene alejado al médico.

Manner of articulation

of consonants

Type consonants

Plosive(stops)The breath is completely stopped at some point in the mouth, by the lips or tongue-tip or tongue-

back and then released with slight explosion.

[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [tʃ] [dʒ]

NasalIf the air flow is constricted enough to cause friction, but

not completely stopped

[m] [n] [ŋ ]

LateralInstead of the breath passing down the centre of

the mouth, it passes round the side of an obstruction set up in the centre.

[l] [r]

FricativeThe lungs push the air through a narrow opening where it causes friction of various kinds. All have

friction as their more important feature.

[f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h]

Glide semi-vowels/semi-consonants

the glides are half-way between vowels and

consonants, which consist of a quick, smooth, no-friction glide towards a following vowel sound.

[w] /u/ [j] /i/ [r]

Mary Mac's mother's making Mary Mac marry me.My mother's making me marry Mary Mac.

Will I always be so merry when Mary's taking care of me?Will I always be so merry when I marry Mary Mac?

Nasal [m]

If a shipshape ship shop stocks six shipshape shop-soiled ships, how many shipshape shop-soiled ships would six shipshape ship shops stock?

Fricative [ʃ]

While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash

Washington’s windows with warm washing water.

Glide [w]

Chart of English Consonants

Voicing voiceless: [p] [t] [k] [f] [h] [s] ([tr] [ts])

voiced

[b] [d] [m] [n] [v] [z] [w] [j] [l] [r] ([dr] [dz])

Which Witch?

For fewer and fewer English speakers, the two words in the name of this board game are distinct -- "wh" is voiceless, while plain "w" is voiced. That's a distinction that goes back to Old English and earlier. But for most speakers today, they sound almost the same.

Vowel （）

a sound in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx

to the lips

Vowels• Monophthongs (Pure vowels -Short vowels (Lax vowels):

[i] [e [u] -Long vowels (Tense vowels):

[i:] [a:] [u:] • Diphthongs (Gliding vowels) (8): -Falling diphthongs: [ei] [ai] [i] [u] [au] -Rising diphthongs: [] [] [] Triphthongs e.g. [au]

Pure vowels

location of the tongue in the mouth

the openness of the mouth

the shape of the lips

the length and tenseness in articulation

nasalization

Location of the tongue in the mouth

type vowels

front [i] [i:] [e] []

central [] [] [:]

back [] [:] [u] [u:] [a:]

The openness of the mouth

type vowels

close [i] [i:] [u] [u:]

semi-close [e] [:]

semi-open [] [:]

open [] [] [] [a:]

type vowels

high [i] [i:] [u] [u:]

mid [e] [] [:] [:]

low [] [] [] [a:]

The position of the tongue raised

the shape of the lips

type vowels

rounded [u:] [u] [:] []

unrounded [i] [i:] [e] [] [] [] [:] [a:]

Through three cheese trees three free fleas flew.While these fleas flew, freezy breeze blew.

Freezy breeze made these three trees freeze.Freezy trees made these trees' cheese freeze.

That's what made these three free fleas sneeze.

Close, front, high vowel [i:]

Back to the chartvoiceless - left voiced - right

Manner of articulation

Place of articulation

bilabiallabio-dental

inter-dental alveolar palatal velar glottal

stop p b _____ _____ t d _____ k g ʔ

fricative _____ f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ _____ h

affricate _____ _____ _____ _____ ʧ ʤ _____ _____

nasal m _____ _____ n _____ ŋ _____

liquidlat. _____ _____ _____ l

r

_____ _____ _____

retr.

glide w _____ _____ _____ j _____ _____

FIGURE 1.4The International Phonetic Alphabet