INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGYPharmacology Ch 1 and FPP Ch 5

BASIC TERMINOLOGY Pharmacology: the study of drugs, how they

work, and how they are used by the body Pharmacodynamics- study of how the drugs

affect the body Pharmacokinetics-the study of how the body

affects the drug Pharmacotherapeutics- how drugs are used

in the treatment of disease Toxicology- the study of drugs harmful affects

on the body

MORE TERMS! Trade name Brand name Generic name Chemical name OTC drug ED50

Adverse effect Contraindications Drug indication Side effect

Site of action Receptor Mechanism of action

BUILDING BLOCKSAtom Molecule

SMALLEST UNIT OF LIFECellular Tissue

ALMOST THERE

Organ Organ System

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, REGULATION Anatomy- Form Physilogy- Function Homeostasis- the bodies constant state of

maintaining a stable, suitable environment for life.

The body regulates itself by a negative feedback system.

Example: Insulin

CARBS, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS, OH MY! Carbohydrates- sugar molecules used by the

body as quick energy - Monosaccharides “simple sugars”- 1 sugar

molecule -Disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides. Frutose+

Glucose= Sucrose - Polysaccharides- repeated units of

monosaccharidesMost common polysaccharides are starch and

glycogen Lipids- fats that are insoluble in water. -3 categories: triglycerides, phospholipids and

steroids

CARBS, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS, OH MY! CONTINUED…-Steroids: cholesterol, estrogen, and

testosterone (Also classified as hormones)*Cholesterol is generated by the body and

ingested in the form of dietary cholesterol.-High levels of cholesterol lead to

arteriosclerosesLDL-Low density lipoproteinsHDL- High density lipoproteins Proteins- subunits called amino acids.

Involved in all physiological processes in the body

THE CELL

THE BASIC HUMAN CELL Smallest unit of

life Perform metabolic

functions Communicate with

one another through DNA & RNA

Nucleic acids are the building blocks of DNA

Located in the nucleus

CELLULAR TRANSPORT- PASSIVE The movement of substances in, out and

between cells. For movement to occur, a concentration

gradient must be present 2 types of transport: Passive and Active

Transport Passive Transport:-No energy expended or consumed by cell-Flow is down concentration gradient- 3 types of passive transport:Bulk flow, Diffusion, Osmsosis

TRANSPORT- ACTIVE Uses energy to move substances in, out and

between cells. Moving against concentration gradient. Expends energyMechanisms of active transport: (1) Transport proteins

and (2) Vesicles

TRANSOPORT…

TYPES OF VESICLE MOVEMENT

Membrane surrounds substance and forms a vesicle

3 types: Receptor mediated, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

The movement of a vesicle out of a cell

Endocytosis Exocyctosis

THREE TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS

TISSUES Four types of tissues: Epithelial- avascular, relies on connective

tissue, example is skin Muscular- Skeletal- voluntary contraction, attached to bonesCardiac-involuntary, located only in the heart Smooth- involuntary, all organs Connective- provide form and structure, 12

types total.(only worried about cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph)

Nervous- 2 kinds of cells(Neuron and Neroglia)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

JOURNEY THROUGH THE BODY Route of Administration: how the drug

enters the body -Absorption- the process of the drug passing

through the intestines to be absorbed into the bloodstream.

• If administered via injection, the intestines is not used, skipping the “first pass” stage.

• The amount of drug available to the body, as well as the rate of absorption is the bioavailability.

-Distribution- drug is at molecular level and crosses cell membrane to enter cells where needed.

JOURNEY THROUGH THE BODY CONT. Metabolism- using enzymes to break

medications down into metabolites that can be easily eliminated.

Elimination- through feces, urine, tears, breath and sweat.

* Without this step, drugs would build up to toxic levels in the body, potentially causing death.