introduction to organic chem. part 1 intro to hydrocarbons & naming rules
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Organic Chem.
Part 1Intro to Hydrocarbons & Naming Rules
Organic Chemistry:The study of carbon
containing compounds
-Most of the compounds that make up your body contain carbon.
-Carbon containing compounds are often called “organic” compounds.
Carbon Compounds and Biomolecules
A trans-fatty acid
Carbon: The backbone of life• Living organisms are
made up mostly of molecules based on carbon.
• Thus the term “carbon-based life forms”.
Carbon: The backbone of life
• Americans, on average, consume 140 lbs of sugar per year, much of it in the form of fructose (High Fructose Corn Syrup),
Fructose, a hexose sugar
Carbon: The backbone of life
• Cellulose, found in plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound on Earth
Carbon bonding
• The small atomic size of carbon makes the bonds very strong (notice the close proximity of the electrons to the protons)
• Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex molecules
Carbon Fiber
• High strength, but very low weight fiber.
• Used in sports and military applications
Carbon Allotropes
• When an element can take on different shapes, functions, or structures because of different bonding arrangements of the atoms, these are called allotropes.
• Diamonds, graphite, and nanotubes are all allotropes of carbon.
Nanotubes
• SUPER high strength-to-weight ratio
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon Videos1. How oil is “made”
1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yn99YJXpbQ
2. Fracking, the untold story1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEB_Wwe-uBM
3. Hydrocarbon Cracking1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xsqlv4rWnEg
4. Fractional Distillation1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYMWUz7TC3A
Hydrocarbons are the simplest Organic Molecules
• Hydrocarbons are chains of Carbon surrounded by Hydrogen.
Methane, propane, etc.
Gasoline, etc.
Kerosene, etc.
Diesel, etc.
Methane, propane, etc.
Hydrocarbons are grouped into 3 classes
1. Alkanes– Only single bonds connecting
the carbon atoms in the chain
OctaneC8H12
Hydrocarbons are grouped into 3 classes
2. Alkenes– Contain at least one double bond
Hydrocarbons are grouped into 3 classes
3. Alkynes– Contain at least one triple bond
Hydrocarbon skeletal structure• Sometimes, in an
effort to simplify things, we only show the “skeletal structure” of an organic molecule
• Where are the Hydrogen’s???
Butane skeletal structure
Hydrocarbon skeletal structure• When you see a naked organic skeleton, the
“joints” represent carbon atoms, and the Hydrogen atoms are left out.
Carbon
Octane skeletal structure
Hydrocarbon skeletal structure
Octane skeletal structure
The lines between the joints represent the bonds between the atoms. In this case, they are all single bonds, so this is an alkane
Bonds
What molecule do each of these skeletons represent?
1. 2.
3.
Propene Hexyne
Decane
Different Types of molecular models
• Molecules can be modeled in several different ways:– Chemical Formula– Structural Formula– Skeletal Structure– Space-filling Model
Propane modeled 5 separate ways
propane: space-filling model
propane: skeletal structure
C3H8propane: chemical formula
Introduction to Hydrocarbon Nomenclature(naming rules)
Hydrocarbon general naming formulas
CnH2n+2 = alkane
CnH2n = alkene
CnH2n-2 = alkyne
Try it out: Convert the following…
1) C3H8 ____________
2) Propyne __________3) C4H8 ____________
4) pentene __________5) C6H10 ____________
6) hexane __________
Hydrocarbons can form rings ***Note that the general formula doesn’t work now because of the ring
structure. You must look at the bond lines***
C5H10C6H12 C6H6
When a hydrocarbon forms a ring, we use the term “cyclo” to denote it
Cyclopentane Cyclohexene
Benzene is the most important ring compound
Benzene