introduction to optical engineering
TRANSCRIPT
INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL
ENGINEERING
F R A N C I S T . S . YU Pennsylvania State University
X I A N G Y A N G Y A N G University of New Orleans
C A M B R I D G E UNIVERSITY PRESS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
PRINl
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
:iPLES OF REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
Snell's Law of Refraction
Huygens' Principle
Refraction and Reflection
Spherical Wave and Image Formation
Total Reflection and Dispersion
Polarization
Polarizers
Fresnel Equations of Reflection
References
Probl ;ms
LENSES AND ABERRATIONS
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Image Formation
Simple Lenses
Phase Retardation by Thin Lenses
Primary Aberrations
Resolution Limit
References
Problems
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
3.1
3.2
The Human Eye
Camera and Photographic Film
3.2.1 Camera
page xin
1
l
5
7
9
14
21
26
28
32
32
3 6
36
41
45
51
58
62
62
6 6
66
70
71
3.2.2 Photographic Film
3.3 Telescope
3.4 Microscope
3.5 Projection Systems
References
Problems
4 DETECTORS
4.1 Photoconductive Detectors
4.2 Semiconductor Photodiodes
4.2.1 The p-n Junction
4.2.2 Junction Photodiodes
4.3 PIN and Avalanche Photodiodes
4.3.1 PIN Diodes
4.3.2 Avalanche Photodiodes
4.4 Photomultipliers
4.5 Charge Coupled Devices
4.6 Noise and Sensitivity of Electro-optic Detectors
4.6.1 Video Detection Mode
4.6.2 Heterodyne Detection Mode
References
Problems
5 SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATORS
5.1 Acousto-optic modulators
5.2 Magneto-optic modulators
5.3 Pockel's Readout Optical Modulators
5.4 Liquid Crystal Light Valves
5.5 Liquid Crystal Television
5.6 MicroChannel Plate Spatial Light Modulators
5.7 Photoplastic Devices
5.8 Deformable Mirror Array Devices
5.9 Optical Discs
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
5.10 Photorefractive Crystals 133
References 136
Problems 136
LASERS 141
6.1 Quantum Behavior of Light 141
6.2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission 143
6.3 Population Inversion 147
6.3.1 Three- and Four-level Lasers 147
6.3.2 Optical and Electric Pumping 149
6.4 Optical Resonant Cavity 150
6.5 Modes of Laser Beam 154
6.5.1 Longitudinal Mode 154
6.5.2 Transverse Mode 157
6.6 Spectral Bandwidth and Coherence
Length 158
6.7 Types of Lasers 160
6.7.1 Gas Laser 161
6.7.2 Solid State Laser 162
6.7.3 Semiconductor Laser 164
References 167
Problems 167
LINEAR SYSTEM TRANSFORMS 170
7.1 Linear Spatially Invariant System 170
7.2 Fourier Transformation and Fourier
Spectrum 174
7.3 Dirac Delta Function 178
7.4 Convolution and Correlation 181
7.4.1 Convolution 181
7.4.2 Correlation 185
7.5 Properties of Fourier Transformation 189
7.5.1 Fourier Translation Property 189
7.5.2 Reciprocal Translation Property 191
7.5.3 Scale Changes of Fourier Transforms 193
; : - : - . : : , , - • - TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.5.4 Convolution Property 195
7.5.5 Cross-correlation Property 197
7.5.6 Autocorrelation Property 199
7.5.7 Conservation Property 201
7.5.8 Symmetric Properties 202
References 203
Problems 203
DIFFRACTION 2 0 7
8.1 Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffractions 207
8.2 The Fresnel-Kirchhoff Integral 210
8.3 Fourier Transform in Fraunhofer
Diffraction 214
8.4 The Fresnel Zone Plate 217
8.5 Partial Coherence 222
8.6 Spatial and Temporal Coherence 228
8.6.1 Spatial Coherence 229
8.6.2 Temporal Coherence 231
8.7 Coherence Measurement 235
References 239
Problems 240
INTERFERENCE 2 4 5
9.1 Condition for Interference 245
9.2 Young's Experiment 249
9.3 Visibility of Fringes 251
9.4 Michelson Interferometer 253
9.5 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 257
9.6 Two-beam Interference with Dielectric
Plates 260
9.7 Multiple Beam Interference 264
9.8 Optical Thin Film 268
References 272
Problems 272
TABLE OF CONTENTS x i
1 0 HOLOGRAPHY 275 10.1 On-axis Holography 276 10.2 Off-axis Holography 282 10.3 Holographic Magnifications 291 10.4 Reflection Holography 295 10.5 Rainbow Holography 299 10.6 One-step Rainbow Holograms 305 10.7 Color Holography 310 10.8 Photorefractive Holograms 312 References 316 Problems 316
Л Л SIGNAL PROCESSING 323 11.1 An Optical System Under Coherent and
Incoherent Illumination 323 11.2 Coherent Optical Signal Processing 329 11.3 Synthesis of a Complex Spatial Filter 333 11.4 The Joint Transform Correlator 337 11.5 White-light Optical Signal Processing 341 11.6 Hybrid Optical Signal Processing 346 11.7 Photorefractive Matched Filters 350 References 354 Problems 354
1 S FIBER OPTICS 360 12.1 Fiber Construction 360 12.2 Fiber Waveguides 363 12.3 Modal Description 369 12.4 Types of Optical Fiber 373 12.5 Optical Fiber Communications 376
12.5.1 Fiber Communication Systems 377 12.5.2 Splices and Connectors 378 12.5.3 Couplers and Switches 380 12.5.4 Time- and Wavelength-division
Multiplexing 383