Introduction to Nutrition Risk

Factors

This module, Introduction to Nutrition Risk Factors, is part of the WIC SPIRIT Readiness training series.

The series is designed to be an overview of major changes in the Arkansas WIC Program and to prepare WIC staff for further training in regards to SPIRIT, the new Management Information System.

The series includes VENA, the Value Enhanced Nutrition Assessment initiative, the WIC food packages, and nutrition risk factors.

ObjectiveBy the end of this module, the learner will be able to demonstrate knowledge of WIC nutrition risk factors by accurately assigning all applicable nutrition risks for each participant type.

Nutrition Risk FactorsThis module is intended as an

overview of all nutrition risk factors for each participant type.

Knowledge of all nutrition risk factors definitions is essential in completing a value enhanced nutrition assessment (VENA).

Nutrition Risk Factors

Nutrition Risk Factors definitions can be viewed in SPIRIT through the Certification Guided Script.

The next slides will show you how to access the Nutrition Risk Factors in SPIRIT.

1. Click on Risk Factors/High Risk in the Certification Guided Script

2. The Certification Risk Factors screen will appear next.

3. Click on Risk Factors Details Guide

4. The Nutritional Risk Factors Guides screen will appear containing all the Nutrition Risk Factors and their definitions for the participant type with whom you are working.

Nutrition Risk Factors

Click here to access and print the Nutrition Risk Factors document. Important Note: To return to the PowerPoint module, click on the back arrow in the upper left hand side of the screen.

Use the document as a reference in completing this module.

Nutrition Risk Factors Nutrition Risk Factors

The following is displayed in the Nutrition Risk Factors document:

A. Applicable nutrition risk factors for participant type

B. Priority Level of nutrition risk factor

Nutrition Risk Factors

C. Number assigned to nutrition risk factor

D. Title and definition of nutrition risk factor

E. High risk assignment of nutrition risk factor as indicated by a check mark ().

Risk Factor for Risk Factor for Participant TypeParticipant Type

PriorityPriorityAssignedAssigned

Risk Factor Risk Factor Number Number

Risk Factor Title Risk Factor Title & Definition& Definition

High Risk High Risk AssignedAssigned

Nutrition Risk Factors

AA

BB

CC DD

EE

Nutrition Risk Factors by Participant Type

Directions:Use your printed Nutrition Risk Factors document to review the:

1.applicable nutrition risk factors for each participant type

2.definition of each nutrition risk factor

Nutrition Risk Factors Nutrition Risk Factors by Participant Type by Participant Type

(continued)

3. number assigned to each nutrition risk factor

4. assignment of High Risk for each nutrition risk factor

Nutrition Risk Factors

There will be four changes:

1.New nutrition risk factors will be added.

2.Some nutrition risk factors will be eliminated.

3.Definitions to some existing nutrition risk factors will change.

Starting Fall 2008:

Nutrition Risk Factors

4. Increased Risk/Moderate Risk terminology will no longer be used. Instead will use High Risk and Non-High Risk assignment to nutrition risk factors.

Starting Fall 2008 (continued):

Value Enhanced Nutrition Assessment

Nutrition risk factors are and have always been categorized. All nutrition risk factor categories are included in a value enhanced nutrition assessment. The categories are:AnthropometricBiochemicalClinicalDietaryEnvironmentFamilyOther Health Issues

Nutrition Risk Factor Number Categories

Risk Factor Categories are divided into the following:

100s = Anthropometrics200s = Biochemical300s = Clinical/Medical/Health400s = Dietary 500s, 600s, 700s, 800s, 900s = Other

(including - Environmental, Family and Other Health Issues )

Nutrition Risk Factor Numbers by Category

100s = Anthropometrics 101-Underweight Women 103-Underweight/At Risk of Underweight Infants/Children 111-Overweight Women 113-Overweight Children 114-At Risk of Becoming Overweight 121-Short Stature/At Risk of Short Stature 131- Low Maternal Weight Gain 132-Maternal Weight Loss During Pregnancy 133-High Maternal Weight Gain 134-Failure to Thrive 135-Inadequate Growth 141-Low Birth Weight/Very Low Birth Weight 142-Prematurity 151-Small for Gestational Age 153-Large for Gestational Age 100s Nutrition Risk Factors-Anthropometrics

Nutrition Risk Factor Numbers By Category

200s = Biochemical• 201-Low Hemoglobin/Low Hematocrit• 211-Elevated Blood Lead Levels

200s Nutrition Risk Factors-Biochemical

Nutrition Risk Factor Numbers By Category

300s = Clinical/Medical/Health• 301-Hyperemesis Gravidarum• 302-Gestational Diabetes• 303-History of Gestational Diabetes• 311-History of Preterm Delivery• 312-History of Low Birth Weight• 321-History of Spontaneous Abortion, Fetal Loss, or Neonatal Loss• 331-Pregnancy at a Young Age• 332-Closely Spaced Pregnancies• 333-High Parity and Young Age• 334-Lack of or Inadequate Prenatal Care• 335-Multifetal Gestation• 337-History of Birth of a Large for Gestational Age Infant• 338-Pregnant Women Currently Breastfeeding

300s Nutrition Risk Factors-Clinical

Nutrition Risk Factor Numbers By Category

300s = Clinical/Medical/Health (continued)

• 339-History of Birth with Nutrition Related Congenital or Birth Defect• 341-Nutrient Deficiency Diseases• 342-Gastro-Intestinal Disorders• 343-Diabetes Mellitus• 344-Thyroid Disorders• 345-Hypertension(Including Chronic and Pregnancy-Induced)• 346-Renal Disease• 347-Cancer• 348-Central Nervous System Disorder• 349-Genetic Congenital Disorders• 350-Pyloric Stenosis• 351-Inborn Errors of Metabolism• 352-Infectious Diseases

300s Nutrition Risk Factors-Clinical

Nutrition Risk Factor Numbers By Category

300s = Clinical/Medical/Health (continued)

• 353-Food Allergies• 354-Celiac Disease• 355-Lactose Intolerance• 356-Hypoglycemia• 357-Drug Nutrient Interactions• 358-Eating Disorders• 359-Recent Major Surgery, Trauma, Burns• 360-Other Medical Conditions• 361-Depression• 362-Developmental, Sensory, or Motor Disabilities Interfering

with the Ability to Eat• 371-Maternal Smoking• 372-Alcohol and Illegal Drug Use• 381-Dental Problems

300s Nutrition Risk Factors-Clinical

Nutrition Risk Factor Numbers By Category

400s = Dietary *• 401-Failure to meet Dietary Guidelines (Children 24 months and

older; all Women)• 411-Inappropriate Nutrition Practices for Infants• 425-Inappropriate Feeding Practices for Children• 427-Inappropriate Nutrition Practices for Women• 428-Dietary Risk Associated with Complementary Feeding Practices (Infants 4 month through 12 months of age and

Children 12 months through 23 months of age only)

*New – further explanation to follow

400s Nutrition Risk Factors-Dietary

Nutrition Risk Factor Numbers By Category

500s 501-Possibility of Regression

600s 601-Breastfeeding Mother of Infant at Nutritional Risk 602-Breastfeeding Complications or Potential Complications

(Women) 603-Breastfeeding Complications or Potential Complications

(Infants)

700s 701-Infant Up to 6 Months Old of WIC Mother, or of a Woman Who Would have Been Eligible During Pregnancy 702-Breastfeeding Infant of Woman at Nutritional Risk 703-Infant Born of a Woman with Mental Retardation or Alcohol or

Drug Abuse During Most Recent Pregnancy

Nutrition Risk Factor Numbers By Category

800s801-Homelessness802-Migrancy

900s901-Recipient of Abuse902-Woman or Primary Caregiver of Infant/Child with

Limited Ability to make Feeding Decisions and/or Prepare Food

904-Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (also known as passive, secondhand or involuntary smoke)

Dietary Nutrition Risk FactorsDietary Nutrition Risk Factors

Highlight of ChangesHighlight of Changes

The dietary nutrition risk factors have had the most significant changes impacting the WIC certification process. The following slides summarize these changes.

Dietary Nutrition Risk Factors

The changes are a result of the Institute of Medicine findings (with one recommendation) and the RISC* literature review.

Click here to read findings and recommendation.Important Note: To return to the PowerPoint module, click on the back arrow in the upper left hand side of the screen.

* RISC - Risk Identification and Selection Collaborative made up of National WIC Association members and Food and Nutrition Service members

Dietary Nutrition Risk Factors

Dietary Nutrition Risk Factors

BEFORE SPIRIT

Dietary Nutrition Risk Factors were:

400 410

1. Assessed with 24 Hour Diet Recall

2. Both numbers apply to all participant types

WITH SPIRIT

Dietary Nutrition Risk Factors will be:

401 427411 428425

1. Not assessed with 24 Hour Diet Recall

2. Different numbers apply to different participant types

New Dietary Nutrition New Dietary Nutrition Risk FactorsRisk Factors

401 - Failure to meet Dietary Guidelines for Americans for participant types:

• Pregnant Women• Breastfeeding Women• Non-breastfeeding Postpartum Women• Children > 2 years of age

411 – Inappropriate Nutrition Practices for Infant for participant types:

Infants Birth to 12 months

425 –Inappropriate Nutrition Practices for Children for participant types:

• Children 12 to 59 months (1 through 4 years of age)

New Dietary Nutrition Risk New Dietary Nutrition Risk FactorsFactors

427 – Inappropriate Nutrition Practices for Women for participant types:

• Pregnant Women• Breastfeeding Women• Non-breastfeeding Postpartum Women

428 - Dietary Risk Associated with Complementary Feeding Practices for participant types:

• Infant 4 to 12 months• Children 12 through 23 months (< 2 years of age)

Dietary Nutrition Risk FactorsDietary Nutrition Risk Factors

411 – is the umbrella risk factor for Inappropriate Nutrition Practices for Infants

• Includes subcategories of 411.1 through 411.11 – All infants

425 –-is the umbrella risk factor for Inappropriate Nutrition Practices for Children

• Includes subcategories of 425.1 through 425.9 -All children

Dietary Nutrition Dietary Nutrition Risk Factors Factors

427– is the umbrella risk factor for Inappropriate Nutrition Practices for Women

• 427.1 through 427.5- Pregnant

• 427.1 through 427.4 - Breastfeeding

• 427.1 through 427.4 – Non-breastfeeding Postpartum

Presumed Dietary Risk FactorsPresumed Dietary Risk Factors

401* – Failure to Meet Dietary Guidelines for Americans is used when no other risk factors are identified and the participant is a

•Child 24 months and older, or•Pregnant Woman, or•Breastfeeding Woman, or•Non-breastfeeding Postpartum Woman

*Must perform a complete nutrition assessment before assigning this risk factor.

Predisposing Dietary Risk Predisposing Dietary Risk FactorsFactors

428*– Dietary Risk Associated with Complementary Feeding Practices is used when no other risk factors are identified and the participant is a(n)

• Infant 4 months to 12 months, or• Child 12 months through 23 months

* Must perform a complete nutrition assessment before assigning this risk factor.

428 Dietary Risk Associated with 428 Dietary Risk Associated with Complementary Feeding PracticesComplementary Feeding Practices

NOTE: Infants between Birth and <6 months of age are unlikely to have no other nutrition risk factors identified because risk factor 701 would/should be assigned: Infant Up to 6 months old of WIC Mother, or of a Woman who would have been eligible during pregnancy.

Practice Using Nutrition Risk Factors

Read the following scenarios and answer the questions using your printed Nutrition Risk Factors document for reference.

Scenario 1

Mary B., a pregnant woman, complains of stomach discomfort, cramps, and diarrhea whenever she drinks milk. She states she was told by her doctor that she has lactose intolerance.

Which nutrition risk factor would be assigned for this participant?

a. 353- Food Allergies

b. 354-Celiac Disease

c. 355- Lactose Intolerance

d. 356-Hypoglycemia

Scenario 1 AnswerScenario 1 Answer

Answer c – 355 -is correct!

The definition of lactose intolerance includes:Presence of lactose intolerance diagnosed by a physician as self reported by applicant/participant/caregiver; or as reported or documented by a physician, or someone working under physician’s orders; or symptoms must be well documented by the competent professional authority. Documentation should indicate that the ingestion of dairy products causes the above symptoms and the avoidance of such dairy products eliminates them.

Scenario 1 Scenario 1 (continued)(continued)

Based on the assignment of the nutrition risk factor 355-Lactose Intolerance, will Mary be considered High Risk and need an appointment with the Nutritionist?

a.Yes

b.No

Scenario 1 Answer Scenario 1 Answer ((continued))

Answer a – Yes -is correct!

The nutrition risk factor of Lactose Intolerance is assigned as High Risk and must be referred to the Nutritionist for individual counseling.

Scenario 2

Henry W. is a 3-year-old child who has lost weight since his last certification. He now plots at the 8th percentile BMI-for-age. Due to his assigned nutrition risk factor(s), he qualifies for peanut butter. Which nutrition risk factor(s) would be assigned for a BMI-for-age at the 8th percentile?

a. 103- Underweight/At Risk of Underweight

b. 141- Low Birth Weight

c. 142- Prematurity

d. 151- Small for Gestational Age

Scenario 2 Answer

Answer a – 103 At Risk of Underweight is correct!

At Risk of Underweight is defined as:

2 to 5 years: 6th through 10th percentile Body Mass Index (BMI)- for- age

Scenario 3Scenario 3

James S. is a 2-year-old child for whom no nutrition risk factors are identified through the completion of a value enhanced nutrition assessment. Can James still be certified and participate in WIC?

a. Yes

b. No

Scenario 3 Answer

Answer a – Yes - is correct!

Nutrition Risk Factor 401- Failure to Meet Dietary Guidelines for Americans - can be assigned if no other nutrition risk factors are identified from the value enhanced nutrition assessment. Therefore James would be nutritionally eligible to participate in WIC.

Scenario 4

Mary S. is a 7-month-old infant who is being certified for WIC for the first time today. Mother was not on WIC during pregnancy. No nutrition risk factors have been identified through the value enhanced nutrition assessment. Can Mary still be certified and participate in WIC?

a. Yes

b. No

Scenario 4 AnswerScenario 4 Answer

Answer a – Yes - is correct!

Nutrition Risk Factor 428- Dietary Risk Associated with Complementary Feeding Practices- can be assigned if no other nutrition risk factors are identified from the value enhanced nutrition assessment. Therefore Mary would be nutritionally eligible to participate in WIC.

Summary• The Arkansas WIC Program will be

implementing many changes in the nutrition risk factors used for certification.

• It is important for the CPA to know definitions of nutrition risk factors in order to:

-perform a comprehensive and accurate value enhanced nutrition assessment

-to provide client-centered nutrition services.