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INTRODUCTION TO MICROGRIDS Ernie Hayden CISSP CEH

Executive Consultant | ernie.hayden@securicon.com

Securicon combines an experienced, knowledgeable technical staff with sound, tested security methodologies and comprehensive security solution strategies — and an ability to balance information security needs with business, operational and other functional requirements within the critical infrastructure

The depth and breadth of our experience allows us to provide a comprehensive “real-world” approach that few companies can match. Our security architecture designs and policies benefit from experience gained from hundreds of penetration testing, vulnerability assessment and incident response engagements — meaning that our findings and recommendations are based on demonstrated facts, not theory. In addition, when standard strategies are not practical in a customer’s environment, our experience allows us to recommend and develop smart alternative approaches and best practice solutions.

In addition to network and system cyber security experience, Securicon engineers have specific in-depth expertise in many industry sectors characterized by critical infrastructure environments, including:

UTILITIES – POWER, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION & WATER ENERGY -OIL, GAS, WIND, & SOLAR

TRANSPORTATION - AIRPORTS/SEAPORTS PROCESS CONTROL – INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

FINANCIAL SERVICES CORPORATE ENTERPRISES

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

MILITARY

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Introduction For many years I have been focused on the electric grid and such issues as reliability, smart grid improvements, and improvements to the electric grid’s efficiency. One of the technical approaches actively considered for the grid is the concept of a Microgrid. This paper offers an introduction to this concept and further examines the benefits of a Microgrid, where Microgrids are being established and a summary of some contemporary Microgrid examples in action during the recent Super Storm Sandy event.

In a seminal study sponsored by the International Society of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and performed by Zpryme Research and Consulting, a majority of 460 survey respondents noted that Microgrids are going to be an important technology for increasing smart grid deployment (Please see Figure 1). These respondents also indicated that Microgrids will be important to meeting local electricity demands, enhancing grid reliability and ensuring local control of electric supply.

Hence, Microgrids will be an important area of study when evaluating design and deployment of the “Smart Grid,” use and integration of distributed resources, and building reliability improvements into the grid.

What is a Microgrid? In the words of Ye, et al in their report Facility Microgrids, “Forming a definition for Microgrids has been a difficult and elusive endeavor.” (Ye, et al. 2005) I have personally found this to be the case. During this research an “official” definition, per se, has not been identified; however, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has offered the following description of Microgrids:

A Microgrid, a local energy network, offers integration of distributed energy resources (DER) with local elastic loads, which can operate in parallel with the grid or in an intentional island mode to provide a customized level of high reliability and resilience to grid disturbances. This advanced, integrated distribution system addresses the need for application in locations with electric supply and/or delivery constraints, in remote sites, and for protection of critical loads and economically sensitive development. (Myles, et al. 2011)

In another report from the Congressional Research Service (CRS) a slightly different definition of a Microgrid is provided:

Figure 1 Power Systems of the Future - IEEE Study

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A Microgrid is any small or local electric power system that is independent of the bulk electric power network. For example, it can be a combined heat and power system based on a natural gas combustion engine (which cogenerates electricity and hot water or steam from water used to cool the natural gas turbine), or diesel generators, renewable energy, or fuel cells. A Microgrid can be used to serve the electricity needs of data centers, colleges, hospitals, factories, military bases, or entire communities (i.e., “village power”). (Campbell 2012)

A more succinct definition by the Microgrid Exchange Group1 is as follows:

A Microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A Microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode2. (Bossart 2012)

Of note, opinions differ about the aggregated generation capacity that should be contained within the Microgrid’s power system and whether there should be a single point of common coupling with the main grid or multiple coupling points.” (Ye, et al. 2005) However, for the “islanding” concept to work the Microgrid needs to have the ability to be isolated from the main grid either by a single or multiple disconnection points.

In one article regarding Microgrids and Super Storm Sandy, one facility operator noted that, “A true Microgrid is much more than a backup power system, however, even if it also does that as one of its core functions. It also has to include real-time, on-site controls to match the Microgrid’s generation and storage capacity to power use in real time, as well as have some way to interact with the grid.” (St. John 2012)

According to the sources examined for this report the key features of a Microgrid include:

• operation in both island mode or grid-connected • presentation to the Macrogrid as a single controlled entity • combination of interconnected loads and co-located power generation sources • provision of varied levels of power quality and reliability for end-uses, and • designed to accommodate total system energy requirements

A simple diagram showing the concept of a Microgrid along with the ability to separate from the main or “Macrogrid” at a single point (i.e., go into “islanding mode”) is shown in Figure 2.

1 The Microgrid Exchange Group (MEG) was formed under the auspices of the DOE to provide an informational exchange about Microgrid technology and its implementation. The members are experts and implementers of Microgrid technologies. (Smith 2011) 2 Emphasis and underlining added by Mr. Bossart in his presentation.

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Figure 2 Elementary Microgrid Architecture

Types of Microgrids Pike Research has identified five key types of Microgrids or market segments where Microgrids would best apply (Asmus and Stimmel, Utility Distribution Microgrids 2012). These key Microgrid categories include the following:

• Campus Environment/Institutional Microgrids o The focus of campus Microgrids is aggregating existing on-site generation with multiple

loads that are co-located in a campus or institutional setting (e.g., industrial park). Pike Research has observed that the reason why this particular segment has achieved the greatest traction in the Microgrid market is that a single owner of both generation and multiple loads all located within a tight geography is easier for the owner to manage and avoids many of the regulatory obstacles noted in other Microgrid segments.

o Scale ranges from 4 Megawatts (MW) to more than 40 MW

• Remote “Off-grid” Microgrids o These Microgrids never connect to the Macrogrid and instead operate in an island mode

at all times. Examples of this type of Microgrid includes the remote village power systems in Alaska or on islands that usually include diesels – or wind generation as in

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Nome, Alaska – that are interconnected and provide power to the local geography. BCHydro is working on a project in Bella Coola, British Columbia where an off-grid Microgrid is being developed with the goal of reducing diesel fuel by integrating solar photovoltaics (PV), distributed wind, and/or run-of-the river hydropower.

o According to Pike Research this category represents the largest number of current deployments of all Microgrids; however, village power systems represent the lowest average capacity.

• Military Base Microgrids o These Microgrids are being actively deployed with focus on both physical and cyber

security for military facilities in order to assure reliable power without relying on the Macrogrid. This segment also includes mobile Military Microgrids for forward operating bases in such places as Afghanistan.

o The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is actively implementing this approach which is discussed later.

• Commercial and Industrial (C&I) Microgrids o These types of Microgrids are maturing quickly in North America and Asia Pacific;

however, the lack of well –known standards for these types of Microgrids limits them globally. Therefore they are a “type” of Microgrid but without clear characteristics.

• Community/Utility Microgrids o Europe leads this segment; however, these deployments do not meet the classic

definition of a Microgrid because they do not “island.”

Where are Microgrids? As of 2009, universities and petrochemical facilities comprise most of the capacity in Microgrids with military facilities running a distant third. (U.S. Department of Energy 2009) According to the Zpryme/IEEE report the top three industries most likely to deploy Microgrids over the next five years are healthcare/hospitals, government (military and non-military), and utilities. (Please see Figure 3)

Europe leads the world in adapting and utilizing distributed generation and Microgrids and it is also anticipated that Europe will be the global region expected to see the most growth in Microgrids over the next five years. (Zpryme Analysis and Consulting

Figure 3 Zpryme/IEEE Study

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2012)

Other areas expected to see growth in Microgrid deployments are rapidly growing countries and rural communities in order to meet regional electricity needs. The developing world will not be able to sustain their economic growth if they try to build centralized electrical systems and grids such as in the U.S. or Europe. (Zpryme Analysis and Consulting 2012) Following the major power outage in India this past July 2012, some analysts suggested that Microgrids may be a solution for India because businesses simply cannot count on the grid and without a reliable source of electricity they have difficulty expanding their enterprises. (Bullis, How Power Outages in India May One Day Be Avoided 2012)

As noted above, the U.S. DOD has been the leader in Microgrid deployment for the past few years because of the concern that a military facility relies heavily on local utility power which may not be adequately reliable. The $30M program they are implementing is called SPIDERS (Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security). A key element of the SPIDERS program is to connect clean energy sources like solar and wind to a Microgrid that functions when commercial power to the military base is interrupted. The new system is expected to not only make the military’s power more reliable, it will also lessen the need for diesel fuel and reduce its carbon footprint. The first SPIDERS pilot is at Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam in Honolulu which takes advantage of several renewable power options already in place including a 146 kW photovoltaic solar power system and up to 50 kW of wind power. (Hessman 2012) Another DOD Microgrid project is expected to start at Fort Carson, Colorado in 2013.

It is anticipated that future Microgrids will be deployed as part of “Microgrid Industrial Parks.” (U.S. Department of Energy 2009)

Why are Microgrids Needed? What are the Drivers? Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory statistics show that 80% to 90% of all grid failures begin at the distribution level of electricity service. (Asmus and Stimmel, Utility Distribution Microgrids 2012) A recent study conducted for the US DOE estimated that sustained power interruptions (over 5 minutes) cost the US over $26 billion annually. (Cagle 2012) Microgrid advocates contend that reliability and power quality can be dramatically improved at the local distribution level through systematic application of Microgrid technologies.

In the Zpryme/IEEE study the top three benefits of Microgrids include: meet local demand (49% of respondents), enhance grid reliability (36%), and ensure local control of supply (30%). Lower frequency responses included enhancing supply reliability, reducing energy cost and enhancing grid security. (Zpryme Analysis and Consulting 2012)

Pike Research also views the Microgrid as a foundational building block in the ultimate smart grid because the Microgrid provides reliability and integration of distributed energy resources (DER) and energy storage assets through improved system intelligence. (Asmus and Stimmel, Utility Distribution Microgrids 2012) One view expressed is that the Microgrid is a “bottoms-up” solution platform whereby the smart super grids represent a “top-down” approach.

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A driver for Microgrids is to reduce the physical vulnerabilities of the electric grid to terrorist attack and natural disasters. According to the report Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System, Microgrids and expanded use of distributed resources would help limit cascading failures and leave islands of power within a blacked-out region. (Morgan, et al. 2007)

Microgrid-enabling Technologies The key capability and feature of a Microgrid is its ability to island itself (i.e., separate and isolate itself) from a utility’s distribution system during brownouts and blackouts. (Asmus and Stimmel, Utility Distribution Microgrids 2012) However, in order to have an operational Microgrid that can perform in the manner expected – both online and islanded – requires use of the following technologies:

• Distributed Generation (DG) • Islanding and Bi-Directional Inverters • Smart Meters • Distribution Automation (DA)

• Substation Automation • Microgrid Control Systems • Smart Transfer Switches • Advanced Energy Storage

The study performed by Zpryme and IEEE noted that the enabling technologies that were most important to the success of Microgrid deployments were: energy management systems, distribution management systems, communications technologies and sensors.

Pros and Cons of Microgrids From the electric grid’s perspective, the primary advantage of a Microgrid is that it can operate as a single collective load within the power system. Customers benefit from the quality of power produced and the enhanced reliability versus relying solely on the grid for power. Distributed power production using smaller generating systems – such as small-scale combined heat and power (CHP), small-scale renewable energy resources can yield energy efficiency and therefore environmental advantages over large, central generation. (U.S. Department of Energy 2009)

The Microgrid concept also reflects a new way of thinking about designing and building smart grids. Specifically, the Microgrid concept focuses on creating a design and plan for local power delivery that meets exact needs of the constituents being served. The Microgrids efficiently and economically integrate customers and buildings with electricity distribution and generation – and energy distribution such as heat – again at a local level.

The Microgrids also enhance power reliability for the users due to redundant distribution, smart switches, intelligence and automation, local power generation and the ability to “island” the Microgrid from the Macrogrid. Hence, blackouts and power disturbances are either eliminated or substantially minimized.

Economically the Microgrid’s improved reliability can significantly reduce costs incurred by consumers and businesses due to power outages, brownouts, and poor power quality. According to the Galvin Electricity Initiative consumers and businesses incur at least $150B annually due to power outages that

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can be reduced by Microgrids. (Galvin Electricity Initiative 2010) When comparing Galvin’s financial citation to the US DOE’s, the range of savings is between $26B and $150B – which indicates that Microgrids can offer large financial savings with substantial room for interpretation.

Microgrids can also generate revenue for constituent consumers and businesses by selling the Microgrid power back to the grid/utility when not islanded. The ancillary services they can sell could include demand response, real-time price response, day-ahead price response, voltage support, capacity support and spinning reserve, etc. Also, the Microgrids can set the stage for added consumer revenues from plug-in electric vehicles and carbon credits. (Galvin Electricity Initiative 2010)

Microgrids and the connected local generation and waste heat can displace coal-fired generation and thus reuse the heat produced during electricity generation from gas-fired combustion turbines or diesel generators to heat buildings, make hot water, sterilize hospital equipment, etc. As noted in the Galvin brochure smart Microgrids also make it possible to get the most from clean, renewable energy connected to the Microgrid because the Microgrids have the flexibility needed to use a wider range of energy sources such as wind, solar, fuel cells, etc. (Galvin Electricity Initiative 2010)

This “bottom-up” consumer approach can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions based on open-market economic value. (Cagle 2012)

Due to the infancy of the enabling technologies required to implement the Microgrids there are some disadvantages or “Cons” to their deployment. For instance there are technology challenges that limit near-term economies of scale for the Microgrids. Also, energy storage options and capabilities are a very weak link in the success of Microgrid operations.

Asmus notes that due to the infancy of the Microgrid concept and deployment there is limited information on the true total cost of operation for Microgrids and the associated payback periods. Asmus also notes that the business case for Microgrid deployment is difficult since they can be of different sizes, varying geographic footprints and involve so many different types of devices. (Asmus and Stimmel, Utility Distribution Microgrids 2012)

The 2011 MIT study The Future of the Electric Grid observed that Microgrid research and development is still in the early stages. Of the 160 active Microgrid projects encompassing 1.2 gigawatts (GW) of installed distributed generation they analyzed, the majority have been demonstrations and research pilots. Hence, current Microgrids are viewed as expensive because they require newly developed advanced power electronics and sophisticated coordination among different customers or areas that are still in their infancy. Even the MIT study stated:

“It is our sense that in most situations, the cost of configuring an area as a Microgrid does not justify the reliability benefits, which may be achieved through other means, such as backup generators. Despite the challenges, Microgrids have the potential to bring new control flexibility to the distribution system and thus will continue to receive much academic interest.” (Kassakian, et al. 2011)

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What About Security?3 As with the rollout of the Smart Grid technologies the past five to seven years the emphasis has been on speed to market rather than “secure” speed to market. Hence, issues such as physical and cyber security of the Microgrids need to be addressed. It is important to recognize that Microgrids include industrial controls for the circuit breaker protection as well as operation – and these control systems need to be protected from both cyber and physical attack.

Security issues to include in your Microgrid roll out plans include:

• Physical Security – ensure the circuit breakers and controls are protected from physical tampering.

• Cyber Security – ensure Cybersecurity controls are designed into your Microgrid control systems. Take advantage of the Sandia Labs Microgrid Cyber Security Reference Architecture4 for your design considerations.

• Classic Security – Don’t forget to include classic security controls such as access management, instrumentation and control diagram classification and personnel background checks as part of your holistic Microgrid security program.

An initial step in all Microgrid rollouts is to include a security assessment of the Microgrid design as well as actual deployment by trusted, experienced and independent security professionals such as those employed by Securicon.

Final Thoughts – Post Sandy The timing of this paper coincides with the collection of lessons learned following Super Storm Sandy (SSS). In many instances the news articles raise awareness of the increasing use and application of Microgrids in order to essentially “…stop power outages from the get go.” (LaMonica 2012) Below are a few example cases collected to show how Microgrids helped organizations and institutions following the massive power outages caused by the storm:

• Federal Drug Administration (FDA) White Oak Research Facility, Maryland o During SSS the local grid failed and the campus facility switched entirely over to its on-

site natural gas turbines and engines to power all the FDA buildings on campus for two and a half days. (LaMonica 2012)

• Princeton University, Princeton, NJ o Princeton University usually gets power from Public Service Electric & Gas (PSE&G) and

an on-site cogeneration facility that supplies electricity and steam for campus-wide

3 Please see my article in Jesse Berst’s Smart Grid News regarding Microgrid Security: http://tinyurl.com/kf9j7ak 4 http://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2013/135472.pdf

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heating. During SSS, Princeton University was able to island itself from the Macrogrid with about 11 MW of local generation for three days.5

• New York University (NYU), Manhattan, New York City, NY o NYU installed a natural gas-fired cogeneration facility in 2010 primarily to save money

on energy and to reduce the University’s carbon footprint with a side benefit of reliability. During SSS, NYU “islanded” itself and using its own cogeneration facility most of the University campus had power and heat.

On the legislative front, Senator Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut released a statement regarding his testimony to the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works on Hurricane Sandy and its effect on Connecticut. Blumenthal’s testimony addressed the need for improved communication between utilities and local authorities, as well as investment in Microgrids to better protect against widespread blackouts. (Office of Senator Richard Blumenthal (D-Connecticut) 2012)

Conclusion The term “Microgrid” is becoming more commonplace in today’s power engineering architecture vernacular. It is still a concept that is in its infancy but has huge potential for specialized facilities and geographic footprints like petrochemical plants, university campuses, industrial parks requiring reliable power quality, and military bases requiring secure supplies of power. As this summary introduction has demonstrated there still needs to be some standardization is “what” a Microgrid constitutes although it is generally accepted that the ability to “island” and operate off the Macrogrid is an operational foundation. Overall, though, the Microgrid appears to be an opportunity for continued study, expanded pilots and demonstration projects and ultimately to more common deployment – perhaps in response to Sandy and other natural disasters.

About the Author

Ernest N. “Ernie’’ Hayden, CISSP, CEH, is a highly experienced information security professional and technology executive, providing global thought leadership in the areas of information security, cybercrime/cyberwarfare, business continuity/disaster recovery planning, leadership, management and research. He has also been a technical executive focused on energy and utility issues for over 35 years. Based in Seattle, Hayden holds the title of Executive Consultant at Securicon, LLC, devoting much of his time to energy, utility, critical infrastructure, industrial controls, and smart grid security on a global basis. Prior to his current position at Securicon, Hayden held roles as a managing principal for critical infrastructure security at Verizon, and was an information security officer/manager at the Port of Seattle, Group Health Cooperative (Seattle), Seattle City Light and Alstom ESCA. Submit questions or comments to Ernie Hayden via email at ernie.hayden@securicon.com and you can view his blog on infrastructure security at http://infrastructuresecuritytoday.blogspot.com/

5 For an interesting news video on the Princeton University cogeneration plant’s response to SSS please see http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/section/sandy/.

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