introduction to microbiology
DESCRIPTION
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY DEFINITION SIGNIFICANCE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGYTRANSCRIPT
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PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGYCHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Jenna Lee Q. Valencia, RPhDepartment of Pharmacy
School of Natural SciencesSaint Louis University
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A.BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY
1. DEFINITION2. SIGNIFICANCE3. HISTORY OF
MICROBIOLOGY
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1. DEFINITION OF MICROBIOLOGY
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MICROBIOLOGY
“Micro” Very small, minute
“Biology” “Bios”- living organisms “logy”- the study of
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MICROBIOLOGY
Microbiology is the study of very small living organisms
Microorganisms are said to be ubiquitous.
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PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Sterilization and preservation
Antibiotics
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2. SIGNIFICANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
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1. Living on and in our bodies
500 to 1000 different species of microorganisms live on and in us
Indigenous microflora
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2. Opportunistic pathogens
Microorganisms awaiting the opportunity to cause disease.
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3. Essential for life
Responsible for many processes that sustain life
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4. Involved in decomposition
Decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms.
Decomposition of industrial wastes
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5. Essential in various food and beverage industries
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGYFood Microbiology
Industrial Microbiology
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6. Produce antibiotics
ANTIBIOTIC:A substance produced by a microorganism that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other organisms.
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Penicillium chrysogenum
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Other Examples:
BacitracinBacillus licheniformis
StreptomycinStreptomyces griseus
VancomycinStreptomyces orientalis
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7. Field of Genetic engineering
A gene from one organism is inserted into a bacterial or yeast cell.
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8. Can cause disease
1. Infectious disease
2. Microbial intoxication
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3. HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
a. Early Years of Microbiologyb. The Golden Age of Microbiologyc. The Modern Age of Microbiology
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a. Early Years of Microbiology
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a. Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
The man who discovered the microbial world
Made a simple microscope
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Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope
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b. Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Taxonomy
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b. The Golden Age of Microbiology
1. Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
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1. Francesco Redi
Made series of experiments with meat
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Redi’s Experiments
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2. John Needham
Boiled beef gravy infusions of plant material in vials, which he then tightly sealed with corks.
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3. Lazarro Spallanzani
Boiled some infusions for almost an hour and sealed the vials by melting their slender necks closed
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4. Rudolf Virchow
Concept of biogenesis
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5. Louis Pasteur
Boiled infusions long enough to kill everything
But instead of sealing the flasks, he bent their necks into an S-shape
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Pasteur’s Experiment
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b. The Golden Age of Microbiology
2. What causes fermentation?
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1. Louis Pasteur
Discovered that bacteria fermented grape juice into acids = the spoilage of wine.
Developed pasteurization
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b. The Golden Age of Microbiology
3. What causes disease?
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1. Robert Koch
Discovered anthrax bacillus
Started the field of ETIOLOGY
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Bacillus anthracis
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Isolation of specific types of microbes
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2. Richard Petri
Invented the Petri dishes
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3. Hans Christian Gram
Developed the staining technique Gram’s Stain
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Gram’s Stain
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ASSIGNMENT
1. Gram stain Procedure 2. Stains and chemicals3. The use of each stain
and chemical
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b. The Golden Age of Microbiology
4. How can we prevent Infection and Disease?
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1. Ignaz Semmelweis
Began requiring medical students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime water
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2. Joseph Lister
He began spraying wounds, surgical incisions and dressings with phenol
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3. John Snow
Standards for good public hygiene
His study was the foundation of : INFECTION CONTROL
EPIDEMIOLOGY
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4. Edward Jenner
Tested the hypothesis that a mild disease called cowpox provided protection against potentially fatal smallpox.
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SMALL POX
Caused by the pox virus: Variola
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COW POX LESION ON COW
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5. Paul Ehrlich
Speculated about a “magic bullet"
Found a chemotherapeutic agent called salvarsan
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SYPHILIS
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Salvarsan
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6. Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin
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ZONE OF INHIBITION
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Penicillium chrysogenum
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c. The Modern Age of Microbiology
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Microbial Genetics
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1. Molecular Biology
Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level.
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2. Recombinant DNA Technology
The genes of microorganisms are manipulated for practical applications.
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3. Gene Therapy
A process that involves inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in human cells
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Gene therapy has been used to treat patients with:
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
Cystic fibrosisLDL-receptor deficiency