introduction to metals and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Properties of
Metals
Thomas Stoebe
University of Washington
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What Are Metals?
• Generally in the central part of periodic chart
• Can we can identify metals by their properties?
– Take 3 minutes and make a list of metals that you use every day
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Metal Properties
• Properties are how metals behave
• Make a list of the properties of the metals on your list:
– Example: Iron--Hard
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Basic Properties • Density
– Mass per unit volume
– “Basic” because density does not change for a specific element
• Modulus of elasticity
– Resistance to being deformed elastically (no permanent deformation)
– High modulus makes a material stiff
– “Basic” because modulus is always the same for each specific element
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Mechanical Properties
• Mechanical properties include
– Strength
• Force the material can withstand per unit area
• Strength is related to hardness, also a mechanical prop.
– Ductility
• How much the material with stretch before failure
– Failure
– Fatigue
• Failure after cyclic loading
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More Properties
• Electrical
– Conductivity, resistivity
• Optical
– Color
– Reflectance, Transparency
• Magnetic
– Ferromagnetism
– Paramagnetism
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Which of these properties is MOST characteristic of metals?
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Metal Properties Depend on
• Structure
– Crystal structure
– Microstructure (grain structure)
• Processing
– Mechanical (rolling, stretching, extruding)
– Chemical (alloying, reactions)
– Physical (casting, thin-film deposition)
– Annealing and Heat Treating
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Metal Alloys
• Alloys are mixtures of 2 or more elements
• Steel: Iron + Carbon
• Brass: Copper + Zinc
• Bronze: Copper + Tin
• Many alloys possible
– Each alloy may have different properties!
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Alloy example
• Paper clips
– Plain carbon steel (Fe + C)
• Drawn into wires and bent to shape
• Strength of paper clip is not important—just so it holds paper together!
– Properties of the paper clip are less important, so they often have uncontrolled impurities
– This makes properties variable from clip to clip
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Paper Clip Experiment
• Open paper clip into S shape
• Bend back and forth to failure
• Count number of bends
Large End
Grip end
One cycle = Bend up to
90º and back down
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Conclusions
• Properties are important
– Metals are used for many applications
– Properties dictate what material to use for a specific application.
• Properties depend on structure and on processing/production.
– Paper clip experiment is one example of variation
– More on this in subsequent units
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Introduction to Properties of Metals
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This work is part of a larger project funded by the Advanced Technological Education Program of the National Science Foundation, DUE #1400619