introduction to major features of bhutanese economy since 1961 by tanveer reza rouf
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An introduction to the major features of the early phases of Bhutanese economy.TRANSCRIPT
Major features of Bhutanese Economy since 1961ECO 242 (Bhutanese Economy –I) Spring 2013Topic-1Tanveer Reza Rouf
What is in a name?
Shangri-La (Doig, desmond, Bhutan, the mountain Kingdom, National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 123, 1963, pp. 398-429)
Bhot ant or Bhu uttan (Sanskrit, meaning ‘end of Tibet’ or ‘highland)
Lho Mon (Land south of Tibet- ancient Buddhist writers of Tibet)
Drukyul (Durkpa Kagyupa sect of Mahayana Biddhism came to flourish 1200 years ago)
Land of Thunder Dragon (dragon stands for peace and does not spit fire)
Ref: Misra, H.N. 2007. Bhutan: Problems and Policies. Chapter-1: Socio-Economic background.
What is in a name?
Buffer zone (Lord Curzon)
Gated community (protected by mountains and other natural barriers and self imposed isolation for a long time and heavily guarded even to this day)
Migrant’s land? (one theory: originally inhabited by “Tephoo” tribes from Cooch bihar & another theory: Tibetan migrants are actually the Bhoteas as they are the same people)
Some general info
Size = 46,000 sq. km (roughly the size of Switzerland or 41,000 sq. km)
Duars=higher connectivity with India
Population = less than 1 million
Average density= 26 persons/sq. km
4 administrative regions= Eastern, western, central and southern
Regional economy based highly on regional
elevationNorthern region
Geography: valleys from 3500m to 5000m and ranges above 5000m, cold climatic conditions, winter temperatures often below freezing point, covered by snow nearly half the year, almost barren, alpine vegetation, grassy ground
Population: sparse nomadic groups
Economy: livestock farming is the only feasible occupation now {what about future?}
Regional economy based highly on regional
elevation Central region
Geography: valleys from 1500m but below 5000m, hill ranges radiate southward, watersheds formed among principal rivers, level land limited to narrow valleys such as Paro, Thimphu, Punakha and Bumthang, Black mountain divides region into western and eastern Bhutan, temperate type of climate, exceptions are Punakha and Wangduephodrang all valleys get very cold during winter, rainfall does not exceed 100 cm/ year, temperate type forests (flora: broad leaved and conifers), fertile rivers valleys grow rice, wheat, barley and maize, highest settlement
Economy: agricultural farming before, but changing fast now {what about future?}
Regional economy based highly on regional
elevation Southern region
Geography: Duar plains and foothills, narrow belt ranging from 30-50 km, hot and humid climate, 500cm/year rainfall, average temp = 20 C, tropical deciduous vegetation, timber rich region, alluvial soil, densely populated region, land is cultivated for paddy, maize, wheat, etc, region most connected to India
Economy: trade based and manufacturing hub due to cheap Indian labor, raw materials and access to Indian railroad networks and Indian market {what about future?}
Natural resource base: Water
Near unlimited water resources
Huge potential for hydro-electricity due to river flow and sparse population
Gov. India’s support led to construction of first hydro electric plant
1979 only 2.5 MW
Will global warming have significant negative impacts on this potential?
Natural resource base: Forest
Tropical (181.2m to 1510m), temperate (1510 to 3624m) and alpine pasture grounds (3624m to 4832m)
Rich in medicinal plants
Forest cover is maintained at above 60% always as mandated by constitution
All commercial felling was banned and timber trade was nationalized in 1979
Natural resource base: Minerals
Immense mineral deposits
Examples: calc-tufa, coal, copper, dolomite, graphite, gypsum, lead, zinc, limestone, marble, slate, talc and beryl pyrite
Most mineral deposits are concentrated in South only
More exploration needed in Central region
Mining industry contributes very little to economy due to : difficult terrain conditions, absence of transportation and communication facilities and the low unit value of these nonmetallic minerals
Timeline
1907 hereditary monarchy established and Bhutan more united than ever under Ugyen Wangchuk
1949 signed treaty with Govt. of India
1953 Tshogdu (a national assembly composed of representatives of people, civil admin. And monastic order)
1956 serfdom was abolished and land reform measures introduced
1959 China annexed Tibet and sent shockwaves through Bhutan’s political elites
1961 signed Colombo Plan
1965 Royal Advisory Council established
1968 Council of Ministers established
1971 became a member of UN
Background of Bhutanese socio-political history-1
No authentic info before 6th century AD
Rather chaotic and violent interlude from then until 17th century, when Zabdrung unified the country
Current Bhutan is the way it is due to the changes he brought about
Tibetan-Mongol invasions throughout the history also played a major role in unifying the country
1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
The first 5 FYP set Bhutan on the way to planned national development.
With an approved outlay of 1747 lakhs of rupees or Ngultrum the plan aimed at creating in the country
Basic infrastructural facilities like roads, power, communication system, transport
, agriculture and animal husbandry.
1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
Project Amount allocated
Roads 620 lakhs
Education 100 lakhs
Transport 75 lakhs
Health 32 lakhs
Forests 32 lakhs
Agriculture 20 lakhs
Power 16 lakhs
Animal Husbandry 15 Lakhs
Industries 11 lakhs
Miscellaneous 91 Lakhs
1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
The main achievements :
Infrastructure: 1770kms of roads were constructed including the 208 kms highway which
connected Phuntsholing on the Indian borders with Paro and Thimphu.
Other roads constructed were from Paro to Haa, from Tashigang to Darrang , and from Sarbang and Gelegphu to Charing and Trongsa.
Improvements were effected in the road transport systems, and communication facilities on the modern lines were begun in the country.
1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
The main achievements :
Education: By 1966 there were 108 schools in Bhutan, including 2 public
schools with a total enrolment of 15000 students.
Health: A Public Health Department under a chief
medical officer was set up at Thimphu. Steps were taken to eradicate malaria. 3 hospitals and 40 new dispensaries were
established in different parts of country.
1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
Agriculture: Department of Agriculture was established, which started a number of model agricultural
farms, seeds multiplication farms, agricultural research station, and development of extension work
Efforts were made to increase the area under fruit and vegetable cultivation
Animal husbandry: A department of Animal Husbandry was set up many live stock and sheep breeding farms were
established in different parts of the country.
1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
Forest resources:
The forest department of Bhutan initiated many measures for conserving the forest wealth and the exploitation of the forest
Mineral resources: Steps were taken in concert with Geological
Survey of India to discover deposits of coal, dolomite, graphite, gypsum and lime
stone
1st FYP: 1961 to 1966
Manufacturing: The Production capacities of the fruits preserving
plants and distillery at Samtse were increased and theirs sale and marketing was organized in
India
Trade relations with India were improved.
Energy needs: The Bhutan Government established a hydel
directorate and two 400 KW Hydel Projects were constructed to serve the needs of Thimphu and Paro.
By an agreement with India, Bhutan received 250 KW of power daily from the Jaldhaka river hydroelectric project for its south western region.
2nd FYP: 1967 to 1972 Background:
As no census has been taken nor has any detailed statistical information been collected so far it is difficult to assess the resources and potential of the
country and to formulate a coordinated development plan.
The population of Bhutan is about 8,00,000 of which the urban population would be about 20,000.
The average density of population is about 45 per sq. mile though in actual fact the density of population is greater
in Southern and Eastern Bhutan and considerably less in Western Bhutan and negligible in Northern Bhutan bordering Tibet.
2nd FYP: 1967 to 1972 Background:
As no census has been taken nor has any detailed statistical information been collected so far it is difficult to assess the resources and potential of the
country and to formulate a coordinated development plan.
The population of Bhutan is about 8,00,000 of which the urban population would be about 20,000.
The average density of population is about 45 per sq. mile though in actual fact the density of population is greater
in Southern and Eastern Bhutan and considerably less in Western Bhutan and negligible in Northern Bhutan bordering Tibet.
2nd FYP: 1967 to 1972 Diversion of a fair proportion of the available man-power to
defense requirements as well as development and Civil works, have seriously affected the agricultural output of the country.
The money that has come into the hands of the cultivators in the shape of wages for labor has been spent, in the purchase of consumer goods for which till now they had very little use or need and a very small proportion of it has really flowed into the economy of Bhutan.
The influx of relatively large numbers of workers connected with development activities has further affected the imbalance of the economy and
cost of common products such as eggs, grain, vegetables and other farm produce has risen as much as 300 to 400 % in the last five years.
Once again this money has been mainly frittered away in the purchase of consumer goods and has contributed very little to developing the economy of the country.
2nd FYP: 1967 to 1972
The implementation of the First Plan was considerably hampered by: The shortage of trained technical
personnel and the difficulty of obtaining staff on deputation or by recruitment from the open market in India.
Shortage of local labor and insufficiency of rations for employment of imported labor. This difficulty is partly overcome by a quota of 200 tonnes of grain a month provided by the Government of India which enables us to employ a labor force of 7,000 persons at any time.
The Plan was considerably set back by the Chinese incursion in 1962.
1st FYP: 1961 to 1966Project Amount
allocated in 1 FYP (in lakhs)
Amount allocated in 2 FYP (in lakhs)
Percentage increase
Roads, water supply, electrification
620 754 22
Education 100 276 176
Transport 75 169 125
Health 32 142 344
Forests 32 89 178
Agriculture 20 385 1825
Power 16 80 (Hydel) 400
Animal Husbandry 15 75 400
Industries 11 10 -10
Miscellaneous 91 14 -85
Postal 0 (not specified)
63 100
Publicity 0 (not specified)
19 100
Mechanical workshops 0 (not specified)
65 100
Development Wing Hqrs., Office of F. A. & C. A. O.
0 (not specified)
73 100
Economic base: 1971
Fischer, F. (1971):
The great majority of Bhutan’s population lives and subsists on the basis of an archaic form of integrated utilization of soils and vegetation for agriculture and cattle farming
Market economy is, apart from a relatively insignificant internal barter trade, nonexistent
Major features of Bhutanese Economy
since 1961Classwork
Timelines
Features
1961 to 1970
1971 to 1980
1981 to 1990
1991 to 2000
2001 to now
Role of state in economic organization
Main sector contributing to economy
Role of hydroelectricity