introduction to mac os
TRANSCRIPT
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Mac OS X for the Wary
Surajit A. BoseStanford University
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About this Presentation
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About this Presentation
• Intended as an introduction to Mac OS X
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About this Presentation
• Intended as an introduction to Mac OS X• Not intended as a technical dissection
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About this Presentation
• Intended as an introduction to Mac OS X• Not intended as a technical dissection • So if you’re the kind who types
awk -F: ‘{print $7}’ /etc/passwd | sort |uniq -c
into a command line just because you get off on login shell stats, you’re in the wrong presentation
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About this Presentation
• Intended as an introduction to Mac OS X• Not intended as a technical dissection• Aims more toward those who need to
support the operating system, but aren’t too familiar with it
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About this Presentation
• Intended as an introduction to Mac OS X• Not intended as a technical dissection• Aims more toward those who need to
support the operating system, but aren’t too familiar with it• Far from comprehensive; your mileage
may vary
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About Mac OS X
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About Mac OS X
• New architecture
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About Mac OS X
• New architecture• New folder hierarchy
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About Mac OS X
• New architecture• New folder hierarchy• Networking Mac OS X
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Architecture of Mac OS X
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Hardware
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Hardware
• Requires G3 or better processor
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Hardware
• Requires G3 or better processor• No support for serial ports
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Architecture of Mac OS X
DarwinHardware
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Architecture of Mac OS X
DarwinHardware
• Open source kernel
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Architecture of Mac OS X
DarwinHardware
• Open source kernel• http://developer.apple.com/darwin/
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Mach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2Hardware
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Mach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2Hardware
Mach microkernel handles:
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Mach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2Hardware
Mach microkernel handles:• Memory
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Mach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2Hardware
Mach microkernel handles:• Memory • Interprocess communication
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Mach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2Hardware
BSD handles:
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Mach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2Hardware
BSD handles:• File systems (UFS, HFS+, ISO 9660)
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Mach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2Hardware
BSD handles:• File systems (UFS, HFS+, ISO 9660)• POSIX APIs
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Mach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2Hardware
BSD handles:• File systems (UFS, HFS+, ISO 9660)• POSIX APIs• Networking
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Mach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2Hardware
BSD handles:• File systems (UFS, HFS+, ISO 9660)• POSIX APIs• Networking• Processes
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Architecture of Mac OS X
GraphicsMach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2
Hardware
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Quartz OpenGL QuickTimeMach BSD
Hardware
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Quartz OpenGL QuickTimeMach BSD
Hardware
Quartz provides:
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Quartz OpenGL QuickTimeMach BSD
Hardware
Quartz provides:• 2D graphics support
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Quartz OpenGL QuickTimeMach BSD
Hardware
Quartz provides:• 2D graphics support• PDF rendering!
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Quartz OpenGL QuickTimeMach BSD
Hardware
OpenGL provides industry-standard 3D graphics support
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Quartz OpenGL QuickTimeMach BSD
Hardware
QuickTime provides multimedia support
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Frameworks and EnvironmentsQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Classic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Classic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
• Classic is an application within OS X
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Classic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
• Classic is an application within OS X• Carbon libraries allow older apps to be recompiled to be OS X native
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Classic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
• Classic is an application within OS X• Carbon libraries allow older apps to be recompiled to be OS X native• Cocoa is a new object-oriented framework for developing applications
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Architecture of Mac OS X
InterfaceClassic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
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Architecture of Mac OS X
InterfaceClassic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
• Very lickable Aqua layer
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Architecture of Mac OS X
InterfaceClassic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
• Very lickable Aqua layer• Provides a user-friendly ‘skin’ to UNIX
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Architecture of Mac OS X
Scripting and MessagingInterface
Classic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
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Architecture of Mac OS X
AppleScript Terminal ServicesInterface
Classic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
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Architecture of Mac OS X
AppleScript Terminal ServicesInterface
Classic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
AppleScript provides the ability to automate routines
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Architecture of Mac OS X
AppleScript Terminal ServicesInterface
Classic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
Terminal provides command-line access
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Architecture of Mac OS X
AppleScript Terminal ServicesInterface
Classic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
Services provide built-in spell checking, e-mail integration, etc.
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Architecture of Mac OS X
ApplicationsAppleScript Terminal Services
InterfaceClassic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime
Mach BSDHardware
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Typical Directory Structure
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Typical Directory Structure
• Far more rigid than previous versions of the OS
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Typical Directory Structure
• Far more rigid than previous versions of the OS• True multi-user environment with all the
complexity of UNIX permissions
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Typical Directory Structure
• Far more rigid than previous versions of the OS• True multi-user environment with all the
complexity of UNIX permissions• Some files and folders are owned by the
system, others by users with accounts on the computer
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Typical Directory Structure
• Far more rigid than previous versions of the OS• True multi-user environment with all the
complexity of UNIX permissions• Some files and folders are owned by the
system, others by users with accounts on the computer• Some users are administrators, others just
ordinary schlubs
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Typical Directory Structure
• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive
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Typical Directory Structure
• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive System: No user serviceable parts inside
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Typical Directory Structure
• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive System: No user serviceable parts inside Library: Contains preferences, fonts, support
files, etc. that may be used by everyone who has an account on the computer
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Typical Directory Structure
• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive System: No user serviceable parts inside Library: Contains preferences, fonts, support
files, etc. that may be used by everyone who has an account on the computer
Applications
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Typical Directory Structure
• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive System: No user serviceable parts inside Library: Contains preferences, fonts, support
files, etc. that may be used by everyone who has an account on the computer
Applications Users: Has one folder (the ‘home directory’)
for each person with an account on the computer
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Typical Directory Structure
• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive• Partially replicated at other levels
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Typical Directory Structure
• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive
• Partially replicated at other levels Each user’s home
directory also has a Library folder and an Applications folder
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Typical Directory Structure
• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive• Partially replicated at other levels
Each user’s home directory also has a Library folder and an Applications folder
These store fonts, preferences, and applications specific to that user
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Typical Directory Structure
• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive• Partially replicated at other levels
Each user’s home directory also has a Library folder and an Applications folder
These store fonts, preferences, and applications specific to that user
Other users do not have access to these
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Typical Directory Structure
• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive• Partially replicated at other levels• OS searches through these in a particular
order
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Typical Directory Structure
• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive• Partially replicated at other levels• OS searches through these in a particular
order• E.g. if a document in a user’s home
directory uses a particular font, this is the search order:
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Typical Directory Structure
• User’s ~/Library/Fonts folder
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Typical Directory Structure
• User’s ~/Library/Fonts folder• Application created support folder in the
Library folder
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Typical Directory Structure
• User’s ~/Library/Fonts folder• Application created support folder in the
Library folder• /Library/Fonts folder at the root level of the
hard drive
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Typical Directory Structure
• User’s ~/Library/Fonts folder• Application created support folder in the
Library folder• /Library/Fonts folder at the root level of the
hard drive• /System/Library/Fonts folder, which
contains fonts used by the OS
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Typical Directory Structure
• User’s ~/Library/Fonts folder• Application created support folder in the
Library folder• /Library/Fonts folder at the root level of the
hard drive• /System/Library/Fonts folder, which
contains fonts used by the OS• Mac OS 9.x Fonts folder
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Typical Directory Structure
• User’s ~/Library/Fonts folder• Application created support folder in the
Library folder• /Library/Fonts folder at the root level of the
hard drive• /System/Library/Fonts folder, which
contains fonts used by the OS• Mac OS 9.x Fonts folder• A network Fonts folder
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Networking Mac OS X
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Networking Mac OS X
• Getting the sucka online
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Networking Mac OS X
• Getting the sucka online• File server protocols supported
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Networking Mac OS X
• Getting the sucka online• File server protocols supported• Integrating OS X into an existing domain
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Networking Mac OS X
• Getting the sucka online• File server protocols supported• Integrating OS X into an existing domain• Running a classroom or lab of Mac OS X
clients
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Getting an OS X client online
• Configurations live in the Network pane of the System Preferences panel, accessible from the Apple menu.
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Getting an OS X client online
• Can switch between different interfaces in the pop-up menu
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Getting an OS X client online
• Via the ‘Active Network Ports’ option, can turn ports on and off
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Getting an OS X client online
• Via the ‘Active Network Ports’ option, can turn ports on and off
• Can also specify a hierarchy of ports
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Getting an OS X client online
• Via the ‘Location’ pop-up menu, can create different configurations for different locations
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File Server Protocols
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File Server Protocols
• AppleTalk is off by default (very interesting)
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File Server Protocols
• From the ‘Connect to Server’ option of the ‘Go’ menu in the Finder, Mac OS X clients can connect to AFP, NFS, SMB, and Samba servers
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OS X’s Directory Services
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OS X’s Directory Services
• By default, OS X is set up to integrate to a NetInfo domain (inherited from NeXT)
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OS X’s Directory Services
• By default, OS X is set up to integrate to a NetInfo domain (inherited from NeXT)• But it has built-in LDAP integration too
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OS X’s Directory Services
• By default, OS X is set up to integrate to a NetInfo domain (inherited from NeXT)
• But it has built-in LDAP integration too
• Can be configured using the Directory Setup utility in /Applications/Utilities
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Running a Mac OS X Lab
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Running a Mac OS X Lab
• The indispensable resource: http://www.macosxlabs.org/
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Running a Mac OS X Lab
• The indispensable resource: http://www.macosxlabs.org/• A consortium of 25 colleges and
universities working toward deploying Mac OS X in labs, clusters, and classrooms
![Page 91: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Running a Mac OS X Lab
• The indispensable resource: http://www.macosxlabs.org/• A consortium of 25 colleges and
universities working toward deploying Mac OS X in labs, clusters, and classrooms• Very thorough listing of issues, processes,
and resources
![Page 92: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Running a Mac OS X Lab
• The indispensable resource: http://www.macosxlabs.org/• A consortium of 25 colleges and
universities working toward deploying Mac OS X in labs, clusters, and classrooms• Very thorough listing of issues, processes,
and resources• Some other resources:
![Page 93: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Running a Mac OS X Lab
• Carbon Copy Cloner: http://software.bombich.com/ccc.html
![Page 94: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Running a Mac OS X Lab
• Carbon Copy Cloner: http://software.bombich.com/ccc.html• Apple Software Restore for Mac OS X:
macosxlabs.org/asr_for_osx/asr_for_osx.html
![Page 95: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Running a Mac OS X Lab
• Carbon Copy Cloner: http://software.bombich.com/ccc.html• Apple Software Restore for Mac OS X:
macosxlabs.org/asr_for_osx/asr_for_osx.html• Rsync: macosxlabs.org/rsyncx/rsyncx.html
![Page 96: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Running a Mac OS X Lab
• Carbon Copy Cloner: http://software.bombich.com/ccc.html• Apple Software Restore for Mac OS X:
macosxlabs.org/asr_for_osx/asr_for_osx.html• Rsync: macosxlabs.org/rsyncx/rsyncx.html• KeyServer:
http://sassafras.com/docs/appendxd.html#Heading5
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Conclusion
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Conclusion
• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages
![Page 99: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Conclusion
• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages Stability (crash-free)
![Page 100: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Conclusion
• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages Stability (crash-free) Many easy-to-use tools to configure the UNIX
underpinnings
![Page 101: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Conclusion
• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages Stability (crash-free) Many easy-to-use tools to configure the UNIX
underpinnings Integrates well with existing infrastructure
![Page 102: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Conclusion
• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages• There are also challenges (far from
insurmountable)
![Page 103: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Conclusion
• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages• There are also challenges (far from
insurmountable) Novelty
![Page 104: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Conclusion
• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages• There are also challenges (far from
insurmountable) Novelty Security
![Page 105: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Conclusion
• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages• There are also challenges (far from
insurmountable) Novelty Security Software availability
![Page 106: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Conclusion
• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages• There are also challenges (far from
insurmountable)• It’s great fun to work with, and very
rewarding
![Page 107: Introduction to MAC OS](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102401/577cc9df1a28aba711a4d0c1/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Conclusion
• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages• There are also challenges (far from
insurmountable)• It’s great fun to work with, and very
rewarding• So … go for it!
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Questions?