introduction to lasers -...
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Introduction to Lasers
OPTI 500 ABCCarl Maes
September 6, 2012
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Contents
• Introduction and Motivation • Interaction of Light and Matter• Light Amplification• Basics of Laser Operation• Laser Oscillation and Specific Laser Systems
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Introduction & Motivation
• (Laser applications, particular properties of laser radiation, history of laser developments, references)
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Borrowed from Thomas Halfmann Laser Physics course
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References• Laser Physics, by Simon Hooker and Colin Webb• Laser Material Processing, 4th ed., William Steen and Jyotirmoy Mazumder. Online
at http://www.springerlink.com/content/978‐1‐84996‐062‐5#section=823328&page=1
• Phontonic Simulation Software for Teaching: http://www.st‐andrews.ac.uk/~psst/• Lasers, by Anthony Siegman• Laser Physics, by Milonni and Eberly (2010)• Lasers, by Milonni and Eberly (1988)• Laser Resonators and Beam Propagation, by Hodgson and Weber, online at
http://www.springerlink.com/content/n31g100834x7/• Solid State Lasers, by Koechner• Solid State Lasers, a Graduate Text, Koechner and Bass, online at
http://www.scribd.com/doc/10565960/SolidState‐Lasers‐A‐Graduate‐Text‐koechner‐Mbass
• Laser Electronics, by Verdeyen• Principles of Lasers, by Orazio Svelto• Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, by Yariv
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Amplification—General Case
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Amplification—a Closer Look
Note the shape of the Gain curve…
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Interaction of Light and Matter
Radiative processes: (a) absorption—an incident photon is absorbed while the atomic state is elevated from energy level E1 to E2(b) spontaneous emission—a photon is emitted while the atomic system descends from energy level E2 to E1(c) stimulated emission—an additional photon is emitted when an atomic system is under the action of an incident photon→”light amplification”
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Light Amplification—Interaction of Light and Matter
• Light amplification not common in nature—Why?
• Thermal equilibrium between light and matter– Absorption of light much more dominant over gain because of Boltzmann’s Distribution of Matter
• Probability for transitions resulting in emission at optical frequencies at room temperature is about e‐40
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 13
Figure 5.5 Amplification of a traveling electromagnetic wave in (a) an inverted population (N2 N1) and (b) attenuation in an absorbing (N2 < N1) medium.
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Light Amplification
• Requires Population Inversion, N2>N1
• Need some sort of external pump to raise atomic population from lower to upper energy level
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Examples of Pumping
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 17
Spectral LineshapeGain (or Absorption) Profile
Frequency dependent phase shiftn is index of refraction
Transition Wavelength: Center Wavelength with Finite Spectral Width
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Laser Operation• Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation• Maximize light amplification/stimulated emission by use of optical resonator
• Stimulates emission along optical axis• Narrows spectral linewidth typically
Pump
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Gain Medium Requirements
• Lasing not possible with only two energy levels due to saturation: N1=N2 with maximum pumping so no population inversion
• Solution: Pump to higher energy level that decays to upper lasing level; laser transition between upper and lower lasing energy levels
• Require at least three energy levels to obtain population inversion
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 20
Idealized 3‐Level Laser
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Photonics, 6th edition Yarivand Yeh
Idealized 4‐Level Laser
Note advantage over 3‐level laser: if decay from E1 to E0 is very rapid, then any nonzero population in E2 results in population inversion!
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 22
Figure 5.6 Energy levels and transition rates of a four‐level laser system. (The fourth level, which is involved in the original excitation by the pump, is not shown and the pumping is shown as proceeding directly into levels 1 and 2.) The total lifetime of level 2 is t2, where 1/t2 = 1/tspont + 1/t20, where 1/t20 is the decay rate to the ground state (0).
Energy Levels and Rates
Note: Require tspont > t1 to build population inversion
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Threshold and Pumping • Initially active medium is at thermal equilibrium• Pumping increases population into upper lasing level• Higher pumping results in population inversion…but still no
lasing yet• Still higher pumping required to overcome losses
– Optical resonator losses due to transmitted beam– Internal losses due to scattering, absorption, etc.
• Finally, with more pumping, obtain Pump Threshold: laser amplifier gain equals system losses.
• Still higher pumping increases output power; however gain is clamped at threshold value due to gain saturation of population
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24
Laser Gain and Threshold
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Gain Saturation• Reduction of population inversion and hence gain due to intense radiation in gain medium
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh
Threshold Pump Power, Pth
Pump Threshold and Efficiency
Minimum pump power required: Must obtain population inversion, N2> N1
ANDMust have sufficient gain (stimulated emission) to overcome losses (mirrors, etc.)
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 27
Figure 6.7 Useful power output (Po) versus mirror transmission T for various values of internal loss Li in an He–Ne 6328 Å laser.(After Reference [3].)
Output Power Dependence on Mirror Reflectivity and Internal Losses
Note: •Optimal value for mirror reflectivity•Internal losses strongly impact output power•Internal loss examples: dirty mirrors, scattering, etc.
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 28
Figure 6.1 Schematic drawing of multiple reflections inside a Fabry–Perot cavity and the corresponding partially transmitted beams. E1 isthe first transmitted beam, E2 is the transmitted beam after one round‐trip inside the cavity, E3 is the transmitted beam after two round‐tripsinside the cavity, and so on.
•Optical Resonator acts as a Fabry‐Perot cavity•Low loss modes transmitted only at specific frequencies (longitudinal modes)
Optical Resonator
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 29
Figure 6.10 (a) Inhomogeneously broadened Doppler gain curve of the 6328 Å Ne transition and position of allowed longitudinal‐mode frequencies. (b) Intensity versus frequency profile of an oscillating He–Ne laser. Six modes have sufficient gain to oscillate (After Reference [5].)
Note relative width of Gain curve and Resonator Modes
Longitudinal Modes and Gain Profile
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Atomic Gain Lineshape Broadening
• Lineshape broadening causes:– Radiative lifetime (spontaneous emission)– Collisions of gas atoms (phase perturbation)– Phonons in solids (shifts linecenter)– Doppler effect (linecenter velocity dependence)– Asymmetric strain in substrate (shifts linecenter)
• Homogenous broadening (all atoms experience same magnitude of effect)
• Inhomogenous broadening (different groups of atoms experience different magnitude of effect
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Homogeneous Broadening Below and Above Threshold
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Inhomogeneous Broadening Below and Above Threshold
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Photonics, 6th edition Yarivand Yeh33
Figure 6.9 (a) Single‐pass gain curves for a homogeneous atomic system (A—below threshold; B—at threshold; C—well above threshold).(b) Mode spectrum of optical resonator. (c) Oscillation spectrum (only one mode oscillates). (d) Single‐pass gain curves for an inhomogeneous atomic system (A—below threshold; B—at threshold; C—well above threshold). (e) Mode spectrum of optical resonator. (f) Oscillation spectrum for pumping level C, showing three oscillating modes.
Summary of Broadening, Saturation, and Threshold Effects on Lasing
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 34
Figure 6.39 Pumping–oscillation cycle of a typical laser.
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Specific Laser Examples
• Nd:YAG, • Ruby• Erbium• Ti:sapphire• Perhaps most common: laser pointer
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 38
Figure 6.46 Energy‐level diagram of Nd3+ in YAG. (After Reference [42].) The unit 1 cm–1 corresponds to = 30 GHz, or h = 1.24 × 10–4 eV.
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 39
Figure 6.47 Spontaneous emission spectrum of Nd3+ in YAG near the laser transition at 0 = 1.064 m. (After Reference [43].)
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 40
Figure 6.48 Typical continuous solid‐state laser arrangement employing an elliptic cylinder housing for concentrating lamplight onto laser.
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 41
Figure 6.50 Fluorescent emission of the 1.06 m line of Nd3+ at 300 K in various glass bases. (After Reference [44].)
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 42
Figure 6.51 Nd3+ absorption spectrum for a sample of glass 6.4 mm thick with the composition 66 wt.% SiO2, 5 wt.% Nd2O3, 16 wt.% Na2O, 5 wt.% BaO, 2 wt.% A12O3, and 1 wt.% Sb2O3. (After Reference [44].)
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 48
Figure 6.44 Typical setup of a pulsed ruby laser using flashlamp pumping and external mirrors.
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 51
Figure 6.40 Energy levels pertinent to the operation of a ruby laser. The unit 1 cm–1 corresponds to v = 30 GHz, or hv = 1.24 × 10–4 eV.(After Reference [38].)
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 52
Figure 6.41 Absorption coefficient and absorption cross section as functions of wavelength for E || c and E c. The 300 K data were derived from transmittance measurements on pink ruby with an average Cr ion concentration of 1.88 × 1019 cm–3. (After Reference [39].)
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 53
Figure 6.43 Linewidth of the R1 line of ruby as a function of temperature. (After Reference [40].)
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 54
Figure 6.45 Spectral output characteristics of two commercial high‐pressure lamps. Output is plotted as a fraction of electrical input tolamp over certain wavelength intervals (mostly 200 Å) between 0.4 and 1.4 m. (After Reference [41].)
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 55
Figure 6.55 Energy levels of Ti3+ ions in sapphire crystal showing the effect due to crystal–field, spin–orbit, and Jahn–Teller splitting.
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 56
Figure 6.56 Absorption cross section (in units of 10–20 cm2) for the transition 2T2 2E in the Ti:sapphire laser as a function of wavelength(in units of nm). E = polarization of electric field; c = axis of symmetry of crystal. (Data from Reference [52].)
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 57
Figure 6.57 Emission spectra of the Ti:sapphire laser. E = polarization of electric field; c = axis of symmetry of crystal. (Data from Reference [52].)
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Photonics, 6th edition Yariv and Yeh 59
Figure 6.53 Energy levels of Er3+ ion and some dominant transitions. The unit 1 cm–1 corresponds to = 30 GHz, or h = 1.24 × 10–4 eV.
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pump
Wikipedia: Kerr‐lens modelocking
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