Introduction to Java

2

A Brief History of OOP and Java

• Early high level languages– _________________________

• More recent languages– BASIC, Pascal, C, Ada, Smalltalk, C++, Java

• ______________ operating system upgrades prompted the development of the C language

• Powerful language … but not the best intro to programming– Difficult for ________________________– Does not fit modern programming strategies

3

A Brief History of OOP and Java

• Simula-67 was a language which facilitated the modeling of real-world objects– New language feature called the “_________”– A class was ______________ through

“inheritance”

• This was the foundation needed for Object Oriented Programming, OOP

• Smalltalk-80 used this concept– This is the first truly object-oriented language

4

A Brief History of OOP and Java

• The C language was extended to include “classes” and in 1983 became _________

• The Java language originally conceived to control __________________________ using the OOP concept– Thus, was meant to be platform (or ____________)

independent

• Soon this was seen as well suited for running small programs (_____________) on Internet web pages– By 1995, Netscape browsers began supporting Java

applets– This did much to establish Java as a major language

5

A Brief History of OOP and Java

• Note typical implementation of a program on different platforms

Source program

Compiler for UNIX

platform

Compiler for Windows Platform

Compiler for Mac OS Platform

Executable code for UNIX

platform

Executable code for

Windows platform

Executable code for Mac OS platform

We need ______________________________

6

A Brief History of OOP and Java

• Contrast compiler with interpreter– Compiler runs ________________, translates to

machine code for commands of whole program– _______________ translates one command at a time

• Java combines these two– Java compiler generates intermediate “___________”– An ____________________ is developed for each

platform to interpret the bytecode – Interpreter called the Java Virtual Machine or JVM

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Phases of Java Programs

1. Edit the source code– filename._____________

2. Compile the source code into bytecodes– filename.__________

3. Load the .class file into memory– applications: stored and executed from

user's own computer– ________________: loaded from a

computer somewhere into a browser, executed by the browser

8

Phases of Java Programs

4. Verify bytecodes– check for ___________ and potential

security restrictions

5. Computer interprets bytecodes– ___________ bytecode at a time

9

Program is created in the editor and stored on disk.

Compiler creates bytecodes and stores them on disk.

Class loader puts bytecodes in memory.

Bytecode verifier confirms that all bytecodes are valid and do not violate Java’s security restrictions.

Interpreter reads bytecodes and translates them into a language that the computer can understand, possibly storing data values as the program executes.

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5

DiskEditor

Compiler

Class Loader

Disk

Disk

PrimaryMemory

.

.

.

.

.

.

PrimaryMemory

.

.

.

.

.

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PrimaryMemory

.

.

.

.

.

.

Bytecode Verifier

Interpreter

10

Programming with "Ready to Program"• Find the "Ready"

option on the program menu or click on the"_________" icon

11

Programming with "Ready to Program"

• An empty ___________ window appears

12

Java Programs

• A Java program consists of one or more classes

The name of the file and the name of the ________ must, have the

same name

Classes consist of a collection of

•

•

A Java class with a method called

main() is a Java __________.

13

Creating a Java Application

• The "Ready" environment will give you skeleton or boilerplate format for programs

• Click on File, New, and HSA Console option• A dialog box asks

for the ________ of the class

14

Creating a Java Application

• The appropriate boilerplate text appears in the edit window – note the color coding

Bold Face Java _______

Black Identifiers in Java _________ library

Blue___________

in your program

____________Comments

RedQuoted Strings

15

Creating a Java Application

• Fill in the necessary commands

• Save theprogram

Note that a dialog box will ask you for the nameBe sure to give it exactly the __________________

16

Creating a Java Application

• To run a Java program– Press the button or– Press Ctrl+R or– Press F1

• The consoleprogram showsa ___________window

17

Creating a Java Application

• Make sure to ________________ the program before quitting– The "Ready" environment will remind you

• To exit the "Ready" environment– Click the X close or– Choose File, Exit or– Use Ctrl-Q

18

Creating a Java Application

• Errors in the program– Syntax errors are found for you by the

compiler

Dialog box shows how many errors

_________ line(s)

highlighted

_______________ of error given in the

status bar

19

Introduction to Java Application Programs

• Java is an ____________ oriented programming language– Uses objects to carry out the tasks– Sends to the objects to perform

the tasks– Objects interact with each other to do the tasks– An actual object is called an ____________of

a class• The class is the declaration of or blueprint for the

object

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Introduction to Java Application Programs

• Object oriented programs:– A collection of object interactions that solve

a problem

• Note the similarity of this definition to the definition for a program

// Welcome1.java// A first program in Java

import hsa.*;

public class Welcome1 {

public static void main (String args[]) { Stdout.println("Welcome to Java Programming");

} // end method main

} // end class Welcome1

// Welcome1.java// A first program in Java

import hsa.*;

public class Welcome1 {

public static void main (String args[]) { Stdout.println("Welcome to Java Programming");

} // end method main

} // end class Welcome1

Java program

Program Output

Comments

• Begins class definition for class Welcome1• Every Java program has at least one user-defined class

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// Welcome1.java// A first program in Java

import hsa.*;

public class Welcome1 {

public static void main (String args[]) { Stdout.println("Welcome to Java Programming");

} // end method main

} // end class Welcome1

Java program

Part of every Java applicationApplications begin executing at main

Saving filesFile name is class name

and .java extensionWelcome1.java

Parenthesis indicate main is a _______________

Java applications contain one or more methods

23

Class Declaration

• Syntax:class ClassName extends Object{ Declarations of class members}

• Note the extends clause– specifies that the ClassName _________________

attributes and behaviors of Object– also it will ___________ new attributes and behaviors– ClassName is the subclass or derived class– _________________ is the superclass or base

class

24

Class Members• Specified between outermost set of curly braces { … }

• Members can be– ___________________ that store values– methods which perform ______________ on the variables

• The main method’s declaration

public static void main (String [ ] args){ a list of Java statements}

First statement of the program executed is first of these statements

Program terminates at last of these statements

First statement of the program executed is first of these statements

Program terminates at last of these statements

25

Java program

• Exactly one method must be called main• Methods can __________________ and

return information–____________ means main returns no

information

– For now, mimic main's first line

public static void main( String args[] )

26

Declarations

• Example

Class specification

variable name for a ________ object

Actually ________ the Console object

27

Calling an Object Method

• Example

Object nameParameters

Method name

28

Java Program

• Instructs computer to perform an action– Prints string of characters

• _____________ Stdout– Output object– Print to output window

• _____________ Stdout.println – Object calls method to display line of text– Argument inside parenthesis

• Statements must end with ___________

Stdout.println( "Welcome to Java Programming!" );

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Java Program

• Java program using dialog box

• Note– JOptionPane ___________– ________ call– Output dialog box

• Program Output

30

A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

• ___________ statements – Locate the classes we use– Tells compiler to load JOptionPane from __________________package

import javax.swing.JOptionPane; // import class JOptionPane

31

A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

• Call method showMessageDialog of class JOptionPane– Requires ______ arguments– For now, first argument always null– Second argument is _________ to display

•showMessageDialog is a ________ method of class JOptionPane– static methods called using _____________,

dot (.) then method name

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, "Welcome\nto\nJava\nProgramming!" );

32

A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

• Executing these lines displays the dialog box

– Automatically includes an _________ button• Hides or dismisses dialog box

– Title bar has string Message

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, "Welcome\nto\nJava\nProgramming!" );

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A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

• Calls static method ______________ of class System– Terminates application

• Use with any application displaying a GUI

– Because method is ___________, needs class name and dot (.)– Identifiers starting with capital letters usually class names

• Argument of 0 means application ended successfully– Non-zero usually means an error occurred

• Class System part of package java.lang– No ___________ statement needed– java.lang automatically imported in every Java program

System.exit( 0 ); // terminate the program

34

Sample Program

• Program 2.9 from text

• Note the features– Use of javax.swing routines– JOptionPane objects used

• Input __________ boxes• ___________ message boxes

– Conversion of string to _____________

35

Sample Program• Program 2.9 from text

Program Output

36

• Reads ______________ from the user, representing the numbers to be added– Method JOptionPane.showInputDialog displays

• Message called a prompt - directs user to perform an action

• Argument appears as _______________

• Then strings are converted to integers.

Another Java Application: Adding Integers// read in first number from user as a string firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Enter first integer" );

// read in second number from user as a string secondNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Enter second integer" );

// convert numbers from type String to type int number1 = Integer.parseInt( firstNumber ); number2 = Integer.parseInt( secondNumber );

37

• Use showMessageDialog to display results• "The sum is " + sum

– Uses the operator + to ______________ the string literal "The sum is" and sum

– Concatenation of a String and _______________• Results in a new string

Another Java Application: Adding Integers

// display the results JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, "The sum is " + sum, "Results", JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE );

38

• Different version of showMessageDialog– Requires ____ arguments (instead of two as before)– First argument: null for now– Second: string to display– Third: string in ___________________________– Fourth: type of message dialog

Another Java Application: Adding Integers

// display the results JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, "The sum is " + sum, "Results", JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE );

• JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE - no icon• JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE • JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE• JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE• JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE

39

Values Held by Variables

• Primitive-type variables– store a __________ of the specified type (int,

double)

• Reference-type variables – store an _____________ of memory location

where value is stored– thought of as a _____________ for the object

that actually stores the values

40

Variable Declaration Syntax

• Syntax:type variable_name;ortype variable_name = expression;

• Note– type must be known to the compiler– variable_name must be a _______________– expression is evaluated and assigned to variable_name location

– In the first form, a ___________________________ (0, false, or null, depending on type)

41

Constants

• Value of object _____________– for oft used math values such as PI– for values which will not change for a given program– improve readability of program– facilitate program maintenance

• Declaration syntax:final type CONSTANT_NAME = expression;– ____________ is a Java keyword, makes a constant– type must be known by compiler– CONSTANT_NAME must be valid identifier– expression evaluated – should be placed at ___________ of class or method

42

Primitive Types

• Also known as "__________ types"– int, byte, short, and long for integer values– float and double for real/fractional values– char for letters, digits, symbols, punctuation– boolean for true and false

• Literals:– values of one of these types– 'A', -7, 3.5, true

43

Reference Types

• Needed to represent windows, buttons, inventory, students, etc.– objects ________________________ than

can be represented with simple types

• Create a class and you have created a new type whose name is the name of the class

• Types __________________ are called reference types

44

Java Provided Reference Types

• Over _______ classes already available in Java

• Examples:– String – for constant sequences of characters– StringBuffer – for variable sequences of

characters– BigInteger – for integers of "unlimited" size– BigDecimal – for fractional numbers of "unlimited"

size

45

Creating Reference Type Values:Constructors

• Primitive types use literals for their values– Meanings of literals built into compiler

• Reference types have no ___________________________________– Values must be created with the _____

operator– Example:Integer integerValue = new Integer(321);

46

Default Value: null

• Default value for reference types

Screen theScreen = null; //orScreen theScreen;

– value used if none is specified in declaration– indicates variable does _________________

to a value of that type– can later be assigned values created with ______________

47

Constructing an Object

• Use of new to create a reference type

• Class provides one or more methods– called _______________

• Syntax:

new ClassName (arguments, …)– ClassName is name of a _____________ type– arguments is a sequence of values separated by

commas– types of arguments match those permitted by ClassName

48

Ready to Program I/O Classes

• Stdin – A ___________________ class – Read all Java ___________ data types from

standard input – Possible to read several primitives from one

line

• Stdout – This is a non-instantiated class – Output ___________ data to standard output – Write data to fixed length fields and with a

fixed number of decimal places.

49

Stdin

• static byte readByte () • static short readShort () • static int readInt () • static long readLong () • static float readFloat () • static double readDouble () • static boolean readBoolean () • static char readChar () • static String readString () • static String readLine ()

– Returns the entire line of input read from the keyboard without the Return.

50

Stdout• static void print (byte b)• static void print (short s)• static void print (int i)• static void print (long l)• static void print (float f)• static void print (double d)• static void print (boolean b)• static void print (char c)• static void print (String s)

• static void println (byte b)• static void println (short s)• static void println (int i)• static void println (long l)• static void println (float f)• static void println (double d)• static void println (boolean b)• static void println (char c)• static void println (String s)

51

Ready to Program I/O Classes

• View sample program which uses hsa.* classes

• Note– Primitive type objects– Import statement for hsa.* routines– Use of static functions from non-instantiated

classes

52

Sample Problem

• Write a program to compute a sprinter’s average speed in kilometers per hour, given distance (meters) and time elapsed (seconds)

53

Program Tasks

• Display prompt for distance in meters

• Receive input from keyboard

• Display prompt for time in seconds

• Receive input from keyboard

• Compute kph

• Display titled results