introduction to interactive media 04: origins of interactive media and the internet

Introduction to Interactive Media

04: Origins of Interactive Media and the Internet


WHEN DID THIS ALL BEGIN?


A new field…• First interactive kiosk in 1977• World Wide Web was not

invented until 1991


Interactive Media is tied to the Internet

• Some interactive digital media does not run on the Internet (standalone museum kiosks, video games)

• This is becoming less common as Internet connectivity is more pervasive, speeds increase and applications take advantage of networking possibilities.

• The Internet is the NETWORK that delivers a great deal of interactive content.


WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE INTERNET AND THE WEB?


The Internet is not the Web.

• The Internet is a network and the Web is an application running on it.

• However, the Web did play a large role in the surge of Internet usage.


WE ARE GETTING AHEAD OF OURSELVES…WHEN DID IT ALL BEGIN


Alan

Turing (1912-1954)

• “Father of the modern computer”

• British mathematician.

• “if we can think of a way to do something, the computer can do it for us.”

• Proposed a “Turing Machine”


Vannevar

Bush (1890

–

1974)

• “Father of interactive media.”

• Proposed the Memex, a machine that would allow a research to record “trails of interest” connecting one document to another via a series of links.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c539cK58ees


J.C.R. Licklider, a.k.a “Lick”

• A fundamental pioneer in the call for a global network

• Articulated ideas in 1960 paper, Man-Computer Symbiosis

– “A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [which provided] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions.” – J.C.R. Licklider

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi97PlMeal4 (2:05 – 3:30)


Ted

Nelson

• American philosopher and pioneer of Internet technology.

• Described a system “Project Xanadu” in 1974 – very much like the WWW.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vmZTQloseo&feature=relmfu (6:32 – 7:07)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYn64fIbtiU&feature=plcp (7:55 – 8:43)


THESE WERE ALL THEORISTS – WHO ACTUALLY BUILT THE INTERNET?


• In the 1960s mainframe computers were only used at research institutions and government.

• Big, expensive and couldn’t do much.

• “Timesharing” was required – people shared time on the computer system.

The Internet began in the 60s


Invention of the Internet

• Started as a government project funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects (DARPA)

• Bob Taylor worked for DARPA at the Pentagon and secured the funds

• Motivation was to connect computers at research universities to be able to share time on each other’s computers.

• Called it the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi97PlMeal4 (3:30 – 5:25, 6:45 – 7:07)


• U.S. Gov put out a RFP (request for proposals) to build the Arpanet.

• BBN (Boston, MA based company) won the contract

• “We could build it buy why would you want it?”

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6DGbEFJnRo&feature=relmfu (2:46 – 4:26)

Government had the money… but who would build it?


How did it work?

• First two computers networked were UCLA and Stanford.

• They did this by sending data across telephone lines.

• Data was sent in packets using a technique called “packet switching”.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6DGbEFJnRo&feature=relmfu (4:55 -9:16)


Internet

Built

…

But

Not

Used

• Universities connected… but very little usage.

• Hard to work on other people’s systems (different types of computers, OS, applications, etc…)


Email: the killer app

• Email invented by a BB&N employee named Ray Tomlinson. – “just a hack”

• What happened to Internet traffic?

• The Internet began to thrive when it realized it’s potential as a communication medium.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJYcdmw27do&feature=relmfu (6:31 – 8:33)


WHEN DID REGULAR PEOPLE GET TO USE THE INTERNET?


Networks Needed to Be Connected

• After the ARPANET was started – other networks sprouted up.

• Protocols needed to be established to allow computers on different networks to communicate with one another.

• Solution: TCP/IP• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=XJYcdmw27do&feature=relmfu (4:06 – 6:34)


1980s

–

Personal

Computer

• In the 1980s - Internet usage was limited.

• First personal computers started emerging in the late 1970s.

• Modems commercially available.

• Command line interface was difficult to use.


WHY DID THE PERSONAL COMPUTER BECOME MORE POPULAR IN THE 1980S?


Invention of GUI

• Operating a computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) was much easier because all the user had to do was point and click and not memorize a bunch of commands.

Command line interface GUI interface


GUI invented

at

Xerox

PARC

• Xerox PARC was a research arm of Xerox Corp.

• Mouse invented by Douglas Englebart at Xerox PARC in 1967.– Englebart was inspired by

Vannevar Bush

• Englebart never received royalties for his invention.


Xerox PARC did not Sell Tech

• Steve Jobs licensed the GUI / Mouse technology from Xerox PARC (for $40,000)

• Not the only time Xerox PARC failed to capitalize on inventions.


Apple:

an

OS

with

a

GUI

• Apple LISA – 1983 - 1st computer with GUI (did not sell well)

• Apple’s Macintosh introduced in 1984. – Had a Graphical User interface (GUI) and a “mouse.”

• A GUI OS made computers much easier to use because instead of having to know the commands to run a program, the user could simply click on what they wanted.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nz8WD6v-Jg&feature=fvst


Microsoft embraces a GUI OS

• Success of the Macintosh prompted Microsoft to introduce “Windows” a GUI OS for PCs.


Innovations in Networking Helped Grow the Internet

• The ability to network computers together to share resources also spurred on the growth of the Internet. – LANS – local area networks– WANS – wide area networks


LANs: Hardware

• Hardware– The Ethernet standard for networking was another

technology invented at Xerox PARC – but taken by it’s creator (Bob Metcalf) and launched via a new company (3COM).

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNAOuscNwf0&feature=relmfu (4:30 – 7:00)


LANs: Software

• Software– Microsoft was left in the dust by Novell in the

development of LAN software.– Motivated tried to buy Novell then partner with

3COM and develop Microsoft OS2 LAN Manager– http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=ENOjfjUVYQw&feature=relmfu (1:06 – 5:58) – http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=XaCFHuVZAU0&feature=relmfu (:35 - 5:08)


WANs

• How do you network different networks together?

• Hardware needed to be developed: bridges and routers

• Created by Len and Sandy Bosack (Stanford professors)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOldgIq3GXo&feature=relmfu (45:21 – 50:25)


WHY DID THE INTERNET EXPERIENCE EXPLOSIVE GROWTH IN THE 1990S?


Internet

Growth in the

1990s

• Greater availability of personal computers

• Personal computers easier to use

• Better modem technology

• Biggest Factor: Invention of WWW


WWW Invented in 1991

• WWW invented by Tim Berners Lee at the CERN Lab in Switzerland.

• He was trying to devise a way that researchers could publish their findings, make the immediately available for other people to view and easily publish/update information.

• He created the first browser . • http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=xSypwSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (3:54 – 6:29)


The dot.com boom

• In 1995 congress repealed the law the prohibited buying and selling over the Internet. As a result, in the late 1990s we saw an explosion of ecommerce sites emerge.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (11:15 – 12:29)


WWW like the Macintosh?

• The growth of internet usage after the introduction of the WWW is analogous to the growth in popularity of the Apple Macintosh

• A GUI made both the personal computer and the Internet much easier to use.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (12:32 – 13:13)


Invention of Browser

• Marc Andresen, a U. of Illinois college student invented a browser on his own (called Mosaic).

• It became very popular. (became Netscape).

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (13:13 -18:44)


Netscape vs. Internet Explorer

• Microsoft wanted to capture some of the business that Netscape was cornering with their browser.

• Microsoft introduces Internet Explorer and gives it away with their operating system.

• This hurt Netscape’s bottom line.• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=xSypwSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (49:52 - 54:13)


HOW HAS INTERACTIVE DIGITAL MEDIA EVOLVED IN THE 2000S AND BEYOND?


Adaptive Web Sites

• Web sites became less static and more dynamic – adapting to the user.


Content Management Systems

• Web site owners want ability to manage their own content.

• Different content management systems emerge.– Adobe Contribute (software)– CMS architectures

• Wordpress, Joomla, Drupal• Custom solutions


Web 2.0

• Signifies a new way we are using the Web

• Collaborative systems: blogs, wikis, on-line reviews, etc…

• Everyone is becoming increasingly more of a content creator.


Birth of Social Media

• MySpace founded in 2003.

• Wordpress founded in 2003.

• Facebook founded in 2004.

• Twitter founded in 2006.


New Hardware for Experiencing Web

• 2001 - 1st Smartphone: Palm Kyocera 6035.

• 2000s – Microsoft Tablet PC – not successful

• 2010 – Birth of iPad.

• Emergence of smartphones and tablets create new challenges for web developers.


WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET?

introduction to interactive media 04: origins of interactive media and the internet

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