Introduction to Instructional Design

Instructional Design

Instructional Design is a systematic and systemic process for the creation of educational resources. It is often viewed as a "problem solving" process.

For the purpose of this class we will view instructional design as having these basic, separate but connected processes:

•Analyzing

•Designing

•Developing

•Implementing

•Evaluating

Instructional Design Theory shouldn't be confused with Learning Theory. Instructional design is the link between Learning Theory and the practice of creating instructional resources.

Learning Theory Instructional Design Theory

describes how learning occurs

how to cause learning to occur

Example of Instructional Design Theories/Models

GagneGagne's approach to instructional design identifies Five Types of Learning:verbal informationintellectual skillscognitive strategiesmotor skillsattitudes

and Nine instructional Events:

gaining attention informing learners of the objective stimulating recall of prior learning presenting the stimulus providing learning guidance eliciting performance providing feedbackassessing performance enhancing retention and transfer

Gagné, R. M. (1974). Essentials of learning for instruction. (2nd ed.). Hinsdale, IL: The Dryden Press.Gagné, R. M. (1977). The conditions of learning. (4nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc.

Dick and Carey (uses Gange's learning outcomes)

http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/m/r/mrs331/dickcarey.gif

Dick and Carey developed a model for instructional development with five steps:

analysisdesigndevelopmentimplementationevaluation

Seels and Glasgow

http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/m/r/mrs331/seelsglasgownovice.gif

Much like other instructional design processes (ADDIE), but includes project management as an overarching concern and has some of the processes occurring simultaneously.

AnalysisDesignDevelopmentImplementationEvaluation

Hannafin and Peck Model

In this model, all of the phases involve a process of evaluation and revision.

Knirk and Gustafson Model

A three stage process which includes problem determination, design and development.

Jerrold/Kemp Model

HOLISTIC: Virtually all factors in the learning environment are taken into consideration including subject analysis, learner characteristics, learning objectives, teaching activities, resources (computers, books, etc.), support services and evaluation. The process is iterative and the design is subject to constant revision.

Gerlach and Ely Model

A prescriptive model that is well suited to K-12 and higher education. It is meant for novice instructional designers who have knowledge and expertise in a specific context. The model includes strategies for selecting and including media within instruction. It also handles the allocation of resources.

Rapid Prototyping - Tripp & Bichelmeyer etc.

http://it.coe.uga.edu/studio/seminars/rpmodel.html

A user-centered design approach in which users participate in a rapid, iterative series of tryout and revision cycles during the design of a system or a product until an acceptable version is created.

ANALYSIS OF ID MODELS

Compare the models in terms of scope of the process involved

Identify the model(s) that will be most popular and least popular in your workplace; and why

Which one do you like best and why

Studying Instructional Design

VS.

Doing Instructional Design