introduction to hydrogen

7/28/2019 Introduction to Hydrogen

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HydrogenA Fuel for Today and Tomorrow


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What is Hydrogen?

Element 1 on the Periodic Table - 1 proton, 1 electron Diatomic molecule (H2) - 2 protons, 2 electrons

Highest energy content of common fuels on a WEIGHT basis Lowest energy content of common fuels on a VOLUME basis Elemental hydrogen is abundant on earth, but usually bound to carbon or

oxygen Abundant throughout the universe (stars are primarily hydrogen)
http://www.immr.tu-clausthal.de/geoch/pse/pse.map


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Energy carriers move energy in a usable

form from one place to another.

Electricity is an energy carrier

So are gasoline and hydrogen

Hydrogen allows us to store energy from

many sources and bring it to where we need

it.

Hydrogen is an Energy Carrier


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HIGH EFFICIENCY

& RELIABILITY

ZERO/NEAR ZEROEMISSIONS

.

Transportation

Distributed

Generation

Why Hydrogen?Its abundant, clean, efficient, and can be derivedfrom diverse domestic resources.

Biomass

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Geothermal

Coal

Nuclear

NaturalGas

Oil

W

ithCarbonSequestration


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Hydrogen as a gas in NOT abundant in

underground reservoirs.

Hydrogen bonds easily to other elements and is

rarely found on its own.

While hydrogen can be stripped from

underground deposits of natural gas (methane)

there are no underground deposits of purehydrogen.

Where is Hydrogen Found?


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Hydrogen can be produced from water;from carbon-containing materials (usually

reacting with water); as a byproduct ofchemical processes

Regional variations in traditional energyresources are no longer an issue

Every region has some indigenous fossilor renewable resource that can be used tomake hydrogen

Flexibility of Source


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Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)

48% of world production

Nearly 95% of the U.S. hydrogenproduction

Strong economy-of-scale

Heat integration within and outside ofSMR

Overall energy efficiency is affected

by the ability to make use of thesteam by-product

Commercial Product Today


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Current Hydrogen Fuel Use in the U.S.

70 fueling stations

21 in California

10 in New York

5 in Michigan 1-2 in AZ, CO, CT, DC, HI, IL, MA, MO, NV, ND, OH,

PA, SC, VT, VA, WV

313 Hydrogen Vehicles

Honda FCX sedan is the only fuel cell car available tothe public on a limited release lease agreement (mostly

in S. California)Data from Transportation Energy Data Book, Dept. of Energy, 2010

5/31/2013 Footer Goes Here 8


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Petroleum Refining


Used within the refinery

Coal Gasification


Byproduct of steel industryCoke off-gas

Primarily found in Europe and Asia

Electrolysis


High-purity for on-site generation and use

Cost is a strong function of electricity cost

Commercial Production Today


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Steam Electrolysis

Split water with heat, pressure, and electricity

Thermochemical

Split water with chemicals and heat

Photoelectrochemical

Split water using sunlight directly, or using chemicals

and heat

Biological

Split water using organisms

Other Ways to Liberate Hydrogen From Wate


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Storage of hydrogen on board a vehicle is atough technical challenge

Installation of a hydrogen delivery anddispensing infrastructure is expensive

Its not just the transportation sector that is

affected by hydrogen and fuel cellsstationary and portable applications alsoaffected.

Challenges of Hydrogen


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Hydrogen can be cooled and stored

as a liquid. It must be cooled to -253o

It can also be stored as a gas. It must

be compressed to be stored efficiently.

Hydrogen Storage and Transportation


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High-pressure storage tanks. Hydrogengas can be compressed and stored instorage tanks at high pressure, but these

tanks must be very strong.

Liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen can bestored as a liquid. In this form, more

hydrogen can be stored per volume, but itmust be kept at very cold temperature(about -253 C).

Hydrogen Storage


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Metal hydrides. Hydrogen combineschemically with some metals, which canstore it more efficiently than high-pressure

storage tanks.

Carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubesare microscopic tubes of carbon, two

nanometers (billionths of a meter) across,which store hydrogen in their microscopicpores.

Hydrogen Storage


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Hydrogen storage takesplace

On-board a vehicle

At production sites, intransit, and at refuelingstationsHydrogen can be stored in

its pure form, or can be

reformed on board a vehiclefrom other fuels

Hydrogen Storage


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PEM fuel cells are favored because they operate

at low temperature (~80C)

less waste heatbut also limits CHP

applications compared to other fuel cell types Quick startup, lower thermal stresses

Efficient at low loads (typical operating region forvehicles)

Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Transportation


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Guts of a Fuel Cell Vehicle


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While fuel cells do

wear out over time, A

PEM fuel cell in a

vehicle should have a

4,000 hour service life,

while stationary

applications shouldlast 40,000 hours.

Fuel Cell Life


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Fuel leak simulation

Hydrogen on left

Gasoline on right

Equivalent energyrelease

Hydrogen Gasoline

Three

Second

seconds

One minute

Hydrogen Safety


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TransportationDesired range can be achieved with on-board hydrogen

storage (unlike Battery Electric Vehicle)

Can be used in internal combustion engines

Trains, automobiles, buses, and ships

Buildings

Combined heat, power, and fuel

Reliable energy services for critical applications

Grid independence

Industrial Sector

Already plays an important role as a chemical

Opportunities for additional revenue streams

Flexibility Of Use


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Energy security Diverse domestic sources

Flexibility of system

Economic security

International leadership in technical development and deployment

Price stability

Environmental security

Potential to meet GHG targets Urban air quality improvements

Reduction in air pollutants

So why hydrogen?


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Catherine E. Grgoire Padr

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Dr. Rajat K. Sen, Patty KappazSentech, Inc.

The NEED Project acknowledges

introduction to hydrogen

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