introduction to human geography
DESCRIPTION
Unit 1: It’s Nature and Perspective. Introduction to Human Geography. Questions that “ Geography ” addresses:. Where are things located? Why are they important? How are places related? How are places connected? How are humans affected by these locations?. Definition of Geography. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Human Geography
Unit 1: It’s Nature and Perspective
![Page 2: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Questions that “Geography” addresses:
• Where are things located?
• Why are they important?
• How are places related?
• How are places connected?
• How are humans affected by these locations?
![Page 3: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Definition of Geography
• scientific and systematic study of both the physical and cultural features of the earth’s surface. It is a spatial perspective looking at patterns and distributions on the earth’s surface
• The word geography was invented by the Greek scholar Eratosthenes. It is based on 2 Greek words:
-Geo – “Earth”
-graphy – “to write”
![Page 4: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Difference between “Physical Geography” and “Human or
Cultural Geography:• Physical Geography is the study of
the four spheres (Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere)
• Human (or Cultural) Geography is the study of the spatial differentiation and organization of human activity on the earth’s surface.
![Page 5: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Approaches to the Study of Geography
• Regional (Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia)
• Systematic (Human Geography, Physical Geography, Historical Geography)
Latin America
Sub-Saharan AfricaSoutheast Asia
![Page 6: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What is Physical Geography?
More specific!
![Page 7: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The different disciplines in Physical Geography.
• Geomorphology: studies the form and structure of the surface of the earth
• Climatology: involves the study of long term weather conditions on the earth
• Hydrography: concerns the distribution of water (oceans, rivers, lakes, and their uses)
• Biogeography: studies the flora (plant life) and the fauna (animal life)
• Pedology: study of the soils• Ecology: studies the interactions between
life forms and the environment• Geology: study of rocks and the earth’s
interior
![Page 8: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What is Human Geography?
Key Question!
![Page 9: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Human Geography (Definitions)
• The study of how people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world. (De Blij)
• The scientific study of the location of people & activities on the Earth’s surface, where & why human activities are located where they are, reasons geographers look at the world from a spatial perspective & interaction, and diffusion of people & ideas. (Rubenstein)
![Page 11: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What we study in Human Geography?
• Historical Geography • Demography and Population Geography • Political Geography: nations, boundaries, geopolitics,
military movements, treaties, devolution, choke points, and imperialism
• Geography of Religions • Geography of Languages • Urban Geography: settlements, cities, and transportation
systems • Economic Geography: industries, economic development,
and manufacturing regions • Agricultural Geography • Medical geography • Social Geography • Environmental Geography
![Page 12: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
HG Topic Example:Globalization
A set of processes that are:
- increasing interactions
- deepening relationships
- heightening interdependence
without regard to country borders.
A set of outcomes that are:
- unevenly distributed- varying across scales- differently manifested
throughout the world.
![Page 13: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Affect of Communication and Transportation
• We are more interconnected as modes of communication and transportations become more advanced.
• The advances in the these two things have made us more interconnected.– Example:
• Buggy's ----> Cars• Sailboats ----> Steamboats• Postal mail ----> e-mail
Buggy's are slow and cars can travel at higher speeds.
Therefore, information and goods can reach destinations faster.
The advances in technology make our world more interconnected.
![Page 14: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1st – Hyperglobalization view
• Open markets and Free Trade are good for everyone in the long run and will allow everyone to share in economic prosperity
• Work will eventually become borderless as national governments become meaningless, government’s only role will be to foster trade
![Page 15: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2nd – Skeptical View
• Globalization is “much ado about nothing”
• Globalization is exaggerated
• The world has been to this point before = Gold Standard
• Accentuate Regionalization (Europe, N. America, Japan)
![Page 16: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3rd – Transformationalist View
• View globalization as a powerful force that is changing the world not just a repeat of the 19th Century. However, they make no assumptions to the effect of globalization on the nation state
![Page 17: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Negative Issues Associated with Globalization
• Environmental
• Health Issues (HIV/AIDS, SARS)
• Security (9/11)
![Page 18: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Imagine and describe the most remote place on Earth you can think of 100 years ago. Now, describe how globalization has changed this place and how the people there continue to shape the place – to make it the place it is today.
Remember your summer reading…………
![Page 19: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Geographic Thought
![Page 20: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Five Themes of Geography
• Location• Place• Region• Movement • Human-
Environment
![Page 21: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Location
Location-position on the earth’s surface
• Absolute Location: use of grids – (i.e. latitude and longitude)
• Relative Location: a way of expressing a location in relation to another site
![Page 22: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Site and Situation• Site-the physical character of a place. (climate,
water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, elevation) the combination of physical features gives each place distinctive character.
• Situation– the location of a place relative to other places.
Fig. 1-7: Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade.
![Page 23: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PlacePlace – specific geographic settings with
distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes
• Sense of place: infusing a place with meaning and emotion.
• Perception of place: belief or understanding of what a place is like, often based on books, movies, stories, or pictures.
![Page 24: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Where Pennsylvanian students prefer to live
Where Californian students prefer to live
Perception of Place
![Page 25: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Cultural Landscape
• The visible expression of human activity
• The natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the imprint of a culture group
• Can also be called the “Built Environment”
Religion and cremation practices diffuse with Hindu migrants from India to Kenya.
![Page 26: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Sequent OccupanceDar es Salaam, TanzaniaAfrican, Arab, German, British, and Indian layers to the
city.Apartment in Mumbai, India Apartment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
![Page 27: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Movement
Spatial analysis: the study of geography phenomena on the earth’s surface
- how are things organized on Earth?- how do they appear on the landscape?- Why of where? and so what?
![Page 28: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Geographic inquiry focuses on the SPATIAL:
1. Distance2. Accessibility3. Connectivity
![Page 29: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Distance Decay
•Tobler’s First law of geography: Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.
•Therefore the interaction between places diminishes in intensity and frequency as distance between them increases
![Page 30: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Distance Decay
![Page 31: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Friction of distance
•The deterrent or inhibitory effects of distance on human activity– - The farther people have to travel, the– less likely they are to do so.– - Examples?
![Page 32: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Utility
• Utility: refers to a place’s usefulness to a particular person or group.– 1. Maximize the overall utility of places at– minimum effort– 2. Maximize connections between places at– minimum cost– 3. Locate related activities as close together– as possible
![Page 33: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Utility
• 1 Beach
• 2 Ice Cream stands
![Page 34: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Accessibility
•The opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point in relation to other points– -“How easy or difficult is it to overcome the
friction of distance?” – -Is the “Place” isolated or easily accessible?
•Levels of Accessibility have changed throughout time
![Page 35: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Connectivity
• Contact or interaction depends on channels of communication and transportation
• The tangible and intangible ways in which places are connected
Ex: Telephone Lines, streets, pipelines, radio and TV broadcast
![Page 36: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
4 Basic Concepts of Spatial Interaction
1. Complementarity: There must be some form of Supply and Demand that match between places
• - world resources: • oil, division of labor
![Page 37: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
4 Basic Concepts of Spatial Interaction
2. Transferability: Factors = the Cost of moving a particular item and the ability of the item to bear the cost
- coal, fruits/vegetables, information- changes over time
![Page 38: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
4 Basic Concepts of Spatial Interaction
3. Intervening Opportunity: Alternative origins and destinations that arise between two points
• Principle of Intervening Opportunity
“Spatial Interaction between an origin and a destination will be proportional to the number of opportunities at that destination and inversely proportional to the number or opportunities at alternative destinations”
![Page 39: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
4 Basic Concepts of Spatial Interaction
4. Spatial Diffusion: the way that things spread through space and over time
• Diffusion occurs as a function of statistical probability, based on principles of distance and movement
• Typically follows an S-curve:Slow Build, Rapid Spread, and Leveling Off
![Page 40: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
S-Curve for Diffusion
![Page 41: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Culture
Culture is an all-encompassing term that identifies not only the whole tangible lifestyle of peoples, but also their prevailing values and beliefs.
- cultural trait- cultural complex- cultural hearth
![Page 42: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Diffusion
- the process of dissemination, the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth to other areas.
What slows/prevents diffusion?
- time-distance decay- cultural barriers
![Page 43: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Two Types of Diffusion
1. Expansion Diffusion – idea or innovation
spreads outward from the heart
![Page 44: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
a. Contagious – spreads adjacently
b. Hierarchical – spreads to most linked people or places first.
c. Stimulus – idea promotes a local experiment or change in the way people do things.
Expansion Diffusion
![Page 45: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Stimulus Diffusion
Example:
Because Hindus believe cows are holy, cows often roam the streets in villages and towns. The McDonalds restaurants in India feature veggie burgers.
![Page 46: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Types of Diffusion
2. Relocation Diffusion – movement
of individuals who carry an idea
or innovation with them to a
new, perhaps distant locale.
Kenya
Paris, France
![Page 47: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Example: Spatial distribution
What processes create and sustain the pattern of a distribution?
Map of Cholera Victims in London’s Soho
District in 1854.
The patterns of victim’s homes and water pump locations helped uncover the source of the disease.
![Page 48: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Spatial Distribution
•The arrangement of items on the earth’s surface
•Analyzed by the elements common to all spatial distributions
•Density, Dispersion, and Pattern
![Page 49: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Density
•The measure of the number or quantity of anything within a defined unit of area
•Always number in relation to area
•Normally used comparatively
![Page 50: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Density
• GA pop. Density = 141 per/sq mi• Is that a high density?• Who knows… we must look comparatively
– Ohio = 277, Michigan = 175, – New Jersey = 1134
• Therefore GA has a low Density• Wyoming = 6• Gwinnett? 1360
![Page 51: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Dispersion
• Spread of a phenomenon over an area • Not how many or how much but how far
things are spread out 1. Clustered/Agglomerated = spatially close
together 2. Dispersed/Scattered = spread out
– - Dispersion can change depending on scale
![Page 52: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Pattern
•The geometric arrangement of objects in space
•Pattern refers to distribution, but the reference emphasizes design rather than spacing
•Types of Patterns: Linear, Centralized, and Random
![Page 53: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Linear Pattern
•Linear Patterns typically depict houses along a street or towns along a railroad
![Page 54: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Centralized Pattern
•Centralized Patterns typically involve items concentrated around a single node
•Ex: Center City with surrounding suburbs
![Page 55: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Random Pattern
•An unstructured irregular distribution
![Page 56: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Regions
1. Formal/Uniform region: defined by a commonality, typically a cultural linkage or a physical characteristic.
e.g. German speaking region of Europe
![Page 57: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Regions
2. Functional/Nodal region: defined by a set of social, political, or economic activities or the interactions that occur within it.e.g. an urban area, magazine circulation, radio station
![Page 58: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Regions
3.Perceptual Region/Vernacular: ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and regions, that define an area of
“sameness” or “connectedness.”– e.g. the South
the Mid-Atlantic
the Middle East
![Page 59: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The meanings of regions are often contested. In Montgomery, Alabama, streets named after Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Civil Rights leader Rosa Parks intersect. Photo credit: Jonathan Leib
![Page 61: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Region v. Realm
• Realms are larger, and often encompass several regions– e.g.
![Page 62: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
“core-domain sphere” model
–Created by Donald Meinig• - Core Region: distinctive attributes • - Domain: dominant but not exclusive • - Sphere: present but not dominant
![Page 63: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
What are Geographic Questions?
Key Question:
![Page 64: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Why do Geographers use Maps, and What do Maps
Tell Us?
Key Question:
![Page 65: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Two Types of Maps:
Reference Maps- Show locations of
places and geographic features
- Absolute locations
What are reference maps used for?
Thematic Maps- Tell a story about
the degree of an attribute, the pattern of its distribution, or its movement.
- Relative locations
What are thematic maps used for?
![Page 66: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Reference Map
![Page 67: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Thematic Maps
• Thematic Maps: a map depicting a specific spatial distribution or statistical variation of abstract objects (e.g. unemployment) in space
• TYPES: Graduated Circle, Dot-Distribution, Isopleth, and Choropleth
![Page 68: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Thematic Map
What story about median income in the Washington, DC area is this map telling?
![Page 69: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
• Graduate Circle Map
• Uses circles of different sizes to show the frequency of occurrence of a certain topic
![Page 70: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
• Dot-distribution Map
• A single of specified number of occurrences are recorded by a single dot
![Page 71: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
• Isopleth Map
• Calculation refers not to a point but to an areal statistic
• The isoline connects average values per unit
![Page 72: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
• Choropleth Map
• Present average value of the data studied per preexisting areal unit
![Page 73: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Mental Maps: • maps we carry in our minds of places
we have been and places we have heard of.– can see: terra incognita, landmarks, paths, and accessibility
Activity Spaces:• the places we travel to routinely in
our rounds of daily activity.– How are activity spaces and mental maps related?
![Page 74: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Geographic Information System:a collection of computer hardware and software that permits storage
and analysis of layers of spatial data.
![Page 75: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Remote Sensing: a method of collecting data by instruments that are physically distant from the area of study.
![Page 76: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Why are Geographers Concerned with Scale and
Connectedness?
Key Question:
![Page 78: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Scale
Scale is the territorial extent of something.
The observations we make and the context
we see vary across scales, such as:- local- regional- national- global
![Page 79: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Scale
![Page 80: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Scale is a powerful concept because:
• Processes operating at different scales influence one another.
• What is occurring across scales provides context for us to understand a phenomenon.
• People can use scale politically to change who is involved or how an issue is perceived.
– e.g. Zapatistas rescale their movement– e.g. laws jump scales, ignoring cultural differences
![Page 81: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Old Approaches to • Human-Environment Questions:
– Environmental Determinism (has been rejected by almost all geographers)
– Possibilism (less accepted today)
New Approaches to • Human-Environment Questions:
– Cultural ecology– Political ecology
![Page 82: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
The Importance of “Physical Geography” to “Human
Geography” (environment)
![Page 83: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Koppen Classification System of Climates http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/
climate_classification.html
Climate Types
1. Humid Equatorial Climates (Tropical: Class A)• Af – no dry season • Am – Short dry season • Aw – dry winters (S.W. Florida)
2. Dry Climates (Dry: Class B) • Bs – Semiarid • Bw – Arid
3. Humid Temperate Climates (Temperate: Class C)• Cf – no dry season • Cw – dry winter • Cs – dry summer
4. Humid Cold Climates (Cold: Class D)• Df – no dry season • Dw – dry winter
5. Cold Polar (tundra and ice) (Polar: Class E)
6. Highland Climates (Vertical)
![Page 84: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Other ideas related to climate…
• Greenhouse Effects (anthropogenic – human caused) – Global Warming caused by the release of greenhouse gases
• ENSO – (El Nino Southern Oscillation) – areas of regional warming
• Soils – (fertility and degradation) • Global Distribution of Precipitation
– Monsoons – system of low-level winds blowing into a continent in Summer and out of it in the winter (Southern Asia)
– Intensity – Regularity
![Page 85: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Ecosystems or Ecological Systems
• Ecosystems are living communities of plants and animals that share common characteristics – primarily related to climate, soil, and vegetation – Abiotic Elements – those that are non-living but that
affect systems (water, heat, relief, nutrients, rocks, atmosphere)
– Biotic Elements – those living elements of the ecosystem (plants and animals)
• Food Chains (sequences of consumption) • Biomes (large subdivisions of terrestrial
ecosystems found in the world)
![Page 86: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Major Biomes and Desertification of the Sahel
• Major Biomes– Tundra – Boreal Forest or Taiga – Temperate Broadleaf Deciduous Forest – Tropical Broadleaf Evergreen Forest – Tropical Savanna – Desertscrub – Temperate Grasslands – Mediterranean Scrub
• Desertification of the Sahel– A semiarid region of north-central Africa south of the Sahara
Desert. Since the 1960s it has been afflicted by prolonged periods of extensive drought.
![Page 87: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
The Management of Global Ecosystems
• sustainability – main method of management
• Major Problems– Tropical Rainforests – Removal of trees results in
removal of nutrients for soil, less oxygen produced and more CO2 remains in the atmosphere
– Acid Rain – sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides emitted from power stations are carried by winds and when precipitation occurs it pollutes lakes and rivers (pollution from Britain and Western Europe has damaged Scandinavia and Eastern European countries: also, pollution from the Midwestern states has damaged the Great Lakes and Eastern Canada
![Page 88: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Absolute Location
• Mathematical location– Latitude & Longitude
• degrees, minutes, seconds
– Township & Range (1785 Land Ordinance)• Subdivision: parallels & meridians• Topographic quadrangle, US Geological Survey
– Metes & Bounds• is a system or method of describing land, 'real'
property (in contrast to personal property) or real estate
![Page 89: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Latitude & Longitude
Hong Kong
22º N, 114º E
![Page 90: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Longitude and Latitude
• Meridian: an arc drawn between North and South Poles
• Parallel: circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the Meridians
![Page 91: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
![Page 92: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Longitude and Latitude
• Location of Meridians are determined by a numbering system known as Longitude– 0° Longitude = Greenwich England– The Prime Meridian
![Page 93: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
![Page 94: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Longitude and Latitude
• Latitude: numbering system used to represent parallels
• Equator = 0°
• N. Pole = 90 °N
• S. Pole = 90 °S
![Page 95: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Longitude and Latitude
• Longitude: numbering system used to represent meridians
• Prime Meridian = 0 °
• Longitude Lines in 15 ° intervals either East or West
![Page 96: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Relative Location
“Place” in relationship to surroundings
![Page 97: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
The Natural Landscape
• the physical environment unaffected by human activities
•Climate and soil, the presence or absence of waters supplies and mineral resources, terrain features
•Help provide the setting for human action
![Page 98: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Physical Characteristics
![Page 99: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Sequent OccupanceLayers of imprints in a cultural landscape that
reflect years of differing human activity.
Athens, Greece
ancient Agora surrounded by modern buildings
![Page 100: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Development of Geographic Thought
“Four Traditions of Geography” (Patterson’s - U. of Chicago – 1964)
• Earth Science Tradition (physical geography approach)
• Locational Tradition (use of satellite imaging-mapping)
• Cultural-Environment Tradition (impact of deforestation)
• Area-Analysis Tradition (regional patterns of development)
![Page 101: Introduction to Human Geography](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012823/5681516e550346895dbfa092/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Development of Geographic Thought
Why Geography Matters [DeBlij’s address to NCGE (National Council of Geographic Education) – 1999]
• Age of Exploration (China, European, Islamic) • Globalization (expansion of economic and
political activities aided by information technology and transportation)
• Devolution (regions within countries demanding autonomy
• Supranationalism (E.E.C., A.P.E.C., N.A.T.O.) • Environmental Degradation • Remote Sensing (spy satellites – used in Iraq
and Afghanistan)
European Economic
Commission
Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation
North American Trade
Organization