INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHENE SUPERCOMPUTING

Presented by-SAMEER BANSODSEC-BRoll NO - 151

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CONTENTS• INTRO-WHAT IS GRAPHENE?• HISTORY-INVENTION• PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE• ADVANTAGES OVER SILICON• APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS SECTORS• DESIGN-MOST OF THE COMPUTER

PARTS• FUTURE USE • LIMITATIONS• CONCLUSION• REFERENCES

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INTRO-WHAT IS GRAPHENE?• Graphene is a one-atom-

thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice.

• Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together.

• It is an allotrope of carbon that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice.[1]

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CONTINUE-•The carbon-carbon bond length in

graphene is approximately 0.142 nm.[1]

•Strongest material known to science and conducts electricity better than any other known substance.

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•Thin, transparent and flexible substance..

•Can be used in touch screen, light panel, solar cells (ITO) and flexible display [8]

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HISTORY•The theory behind the substance graphene

was first explored by Scientist Philip Wallace in 1947’s

but didn’t get promising results…[1]

•Since then, in the past 8 years, scientists have discovered that the substance retains some amazing properties

•After that-----

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The inventorsAndre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov have shown that carbon in such a flat form has exceptional properties

Konstantin Novoselow and Andre Geim were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize

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PROPERTIES[1]•It is 10 times faster than COPPER.

•In Graphene, electrons can flow at very high speed due to a lack of friction.

•Graphene is stronger and more flexible than steel and also than diamond.

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•It can carries 1,000 times the density of electric current as compared to copper wires.

•With the placement of a sheet of graphene just one-carbon-atom-thick, we transformed the originally passive device into an active one that generate microwave photonic signals

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Properties continue-•Graphene can boost

optical nonlinearity, a property required for the digital on/off two-state switching using bilayer graphene and memory.

Due to this special property, graphene has wide application in ultrafast photonics

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•The resistance of graphene is so much lower than copper and silicon, it’s not using any more current, or wasting any more energy…

.

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ADVANTAGES OF GRAPHENE OVER SILICON [3]•Researcher found the velocity of electrons

in the GRAPHENE was something like 1,000 times faster than silicon.

•Graphene holds remarkable advantages over silicon in terms of processing speed, obviating the need for internal cooling fans as it functions well at room temperature than SILICON...

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NON- Volatile memories[1]

•DRAM face severe technological and physical limitations as device dimensions shrink• So what is an alternative Resistive RAM –- Uses high speed switching mechanism

based on change in resistance- It has simple structure,high density and

fast switching capabilities.

What is bottleneck with traditional RAM’s ???

APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE

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Terahertz devices:[4]

THz waves can carry more information than radio/microwaves for communications devices

WHY TERAHERTZ MODULATING DEVICES ?

terahertz devices

WHAT IS BOTTLENECK ?????lack of efficient materials and devices that manipulate these energy waves including traditional semiconductor devices

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HOW GRAPHENE HELP US IN THIS PROBLEM???

• Using Graphenes’s high speed switcing property we can sample data at THz speed.

•Researchers at the University of Notre Dame have shown that it is possible to efficiently manipulate THz electromagnetic waves with atomically thin graphene layers.

Breakthrough in microchip technology

• problem of making ever faster computers and smaller mobile devices than current silicon microchip technology

WHAT IS BOTTLENECK ?????

HOW GRAPHENE HELP US IN THIS PROBLEM???? • Using Graphene & and hexagonal boron nitride has incredible electronic properties, with theoretical speeds 100 times greater than silicon

A team of Penn State researchers has developed field effect transistors using graphene and hexagonal boron nitride on a 75-millimeter wafer, a significant step toward graphene-based electronics.

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•BY combining Graphene with silicon photonic crystal structures such as LED’s, We can design optoelectronic device applications, such as ultrafast chip-scale high-speed optical communications.

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OPTOELETRIC DEVICES

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SUPERFAST INTERNET [6]• By combining graphene with

metallic nanostructures, they show a 20-fold enhancement in harvesting light by graphene, paves advances in high-speed internet and other communications.

• Graphene devices can be incredibly fast and potentially hundred times faster than communication rates in the fastest internet cables..

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Touch screens [8] •The graphene-based

electrodes could be used to replace the increasingly expensive indium tin oxide (ITO) in touch-screen displays. [7]

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• Bottleneck-INDIUM is brittle, which rules it out for use in flexible displays and heightens the risk of the screen of your smartphone cracking when the device is dropped.

Solution• On the other hand GRAPHENE is flexible,

NON BREAKABLE, transparent electronic components, so it is the best choice to replace ITO from SMARTPHONES.

PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS

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Use in CAMERA Sensor PROPERTY:• Graphene absorb only 2.3% of

incident light

RECENT IMPLEMENTATION• Nokia is already developed 41 MP

camera based on a graphene photo detector. 

• It has already filed a patent for it as well

 

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Current scenario-IBM in GRAPHENE

•Last year, the IBM team demonstrated the first graphene-based transistor, capable of operating at speed of 100 GHz

•This transistor showing promising result…SO….

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• IBM integrated transistor into a complete circuit.

• The circuit, a 10-gigahertz frequency mixer, could give wireless devices greater range.

• This First Graphene-Based Computer Chip Shake Up the Silicon Valley.

• Now they are looking toward manufacturing a complete processors..

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GRAPHENE might be stuffed into your pocket or wrapped computers around your wrist like watch.

PROPERTY USED:•AS Graphene is a Flexible

and Ultra-Slim and strong.

FUTURE USE

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Imagine flexible cell phones.

TVs, thin as wallpaper, that you could roll up and take with you.

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FUTURE USE

•Graphene will use in manufacturing of computer eletronics because it needs minimal retooling.[1]

•In fact, IBM has already created working on 30GHz test devices using graphene transistors by 2020.

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• The first products are expected to enter the market by 2014, according to estimates by Samsung.[6]

•Many leading electronics companies consider graphene for the next generation of devices. This work certainly boosts graphene's chances even further.

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•A number of multinationals are active in graphene research and development

e.g. Intel and IBM in computing, Dow Chemicals and BASF as suppliers of basic graphene material

•In other words, graphene could begin making its way into computers as early as 2014 to 2015, and almost certainly by 2020..

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•We might be able to see graphene based photo sensors in Nokia’s smart phones.

•Graphene for use in graphene-saturated battery and super-charging capacitor applications ..[8]

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LIMITATIONS•IBM has revealed that graphene can't yet

(Graphene single layer) fully replace silicon inside CPUs, as a graphene transistor can't actually be completely switched off.

•Highly complex to implement as compared to semiconductor based electronics.

•Some new techniques require to control high electrical conductivity & Fast switching…..because in some cases it is not required.

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CONCLUSION• – We are convinced that exploiting the full

potential of graphene will have huge impacts on society at large.

• Better ,efficent & elegent replacement for semiconductor based eletronics devices

• Energy efficient as comp ared to other material.

• Using low cost devices, transparent flexible displays and touch screens based on graphene seamlessly integrated with plastic.

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•In future New Material, Graphene may replace Silicon in Technology Industry as Experts say....[8]

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Why should we get excited about graphene?[5]

•It’s extremely thin, it has extremely good connectivity.

•What we’ve found that it is bigger substance than what we had expected.

•It is called as a ‘MIRACLE’ material,which has an applications in numerous fields..

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CAN WE DESIGHN COMPUTER USING GRAPHENE ?• Processor

Using fast switching property of graphene we can manufacture high speed processor having clk speed

30 GHz – 100 GHz.• Memory • Graphene based super fast resistive memory is 10 times

faster than traditional semiconductor RAM’s

• On board chips & other components• We can manufacture efficient modulators,

demodulators, capacitors , microchips Using graphene

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•THANK YOU !!!

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REFERENCES [1](Google) THE RISE OF GRAPHENE .[Online].Available: http://arxiv.org/ftp/condmat/papers/0702/0702595.pdf A.K. Geim and K.S. Novoselov Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, United Kingdom

[2] (Google) Valkyrie Ice,”GRAPHENE IS NEXT” .[Online].Available: http://hplusmagazine.com/2010/05/03/graphene-

next/operating-system.html, MaY 3, 2010.

[3] (Google) First Graphene-Based Computer Chip May Shake Up Silicon Valley

.[Online].Available:http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2011/06/13/first-graphene-based-computer-chip-may-shake-up-silicon-valley/ JUNE 13,2011

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[4] (Google),”GRAPHENE Wonder material ” .[Online].Available: www.Phys.org/graphene

[5]GRAPHENE Link site:http://www.focusgraphite.com/technology/graphene

[6]GRAPHENE-Flagship Link site: http://www.graphene-flagship.eu/GF/reports.php

[7] Professor Konstantin Novoselov , Interview,Graphene [Video].Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8TrTWdzon4

[8] Dream touch-screens from graphene at Rice University  [Video].Available:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8TrTWdzon4