INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO GISGIS

By Okan FıstıkoğluBy Okan Fıstıkoğlu

QUESTIONQUESTION

What is the What is the importance of the importance of the geography in our geography in our lifes?lifes?

Identification of Geography in Earth Identification of Geography in Earth ScienceScience

GEOGRAPHY IS HIGHLY GEOGRAPHY IS HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT IN OUR SIGNIFICANT IN OUR LILIFFEE

Affects our decisionsAffects our decisions as as a constrainta constraint

Becomes an input for Becomes an input for our decisionsour decisions

Near the school?

Near the bus stop?

Pathway of the road?

Thats why........Thats why........

From the earliest From the earliest civilizations to civilizations to modern times,modern times,the collection of data the collection of data about significant about significant properties of the properties of the earth’s surface has earth’s surface has long been an long been an important activity of important activity of organized societies. organized societies.

Identification of Geography in Earth Identification of Geography in Earth ScienceScience

QUESTIONQUESTION

Who are the responsible for Who are the responsible for collecting earth’s surface data in collecting earth’s surface data in Turkey?Turkey?

What are they collect?What are they collect?

Why are they collect?Why are they collect?

But,.......But,.......

The collection and The collection and compilation of data compilation of data and publication of a and publication of a printed map is costly printed map is costly and time consuming.and time consuming.

Identification of Geography in Earth Identification of Geography in Earth ScienceScience

TOP S

ECRET

NEWES

T IN

1967

Conventional mapping techniques fail Conventional mapping techniques fail to produce adequate and up to date to produce adequate and up to date information.information.

QUESTIONQUESTION

Have you ever seen Have you ever seen master map production master map production process?process?

New data collection New data collection systems such as systems such as remote sensing, GPS, remote sensing, GPS, digitizing,..etc. digitizing,..etc. collect data rapidly in collect data rapidly in contrast to contrast to conventional conventional techniques such as techniques such as eye-observation, eye-observation, manual in-situ manual in-situ measurements.measurements.

Identification of Geography in Earth Identification of Geography in Earth ScienceScience

New data collection tools New data collection tools bring huge amount of bring huge amount of data......its not possible data......its not possible to analyze these data by to analyze these data by old-fashion old-fashion techniques.......techniques.......

CONSEQUENTLY, CONSEQUENTLY, THE THE NEED FOR NEED FOR NEW MAPPING NEW MAPPING TOOLS ARISES.....TOOLS ARISES.....

WELCOME TO GISWELCOME TO GIS

Identification of Geography in Earth Identification of Geography in Earth ScienceScience

During 1960’ and 70’, parallel to the During 1960’ and 70’, parallel to the data colllection tools and computer data colllection tools and computer technologies, Cartographers had begun technologies, Cartographers had begun to use computers for the automated to use computers for the automated drafting and preparation of masters for drafting and preparation of masters for printed maps.printed maps.

Limited capabilities!!!!!!Limited capabilities!!!!!!

Generally, only for printing out!!!!Generally, only for printing out!!!!

Historical Background of Computer Historical Background of Computer Aided Mapping (CAM)Aided Mapping (CAM)

Rhind (1977) presented the following list of reasons for using computers Rhind (1977) presented the following list of reasons for using computers in cartography:in cartography:

1.1. to make existing maps more quickly and more cheaply;to make existing maps more quickly and more cheaply;2.2. to make maps for specific user needs;to make maps for specific user needs;3.3. to make map production possible in situations where skilled staff are to make map production possible in situations where skilled staff are

not available;not available;4.4. to experiment with different graphical representations of the same to experiment with different graphical representations of the same

data;data;5.5. to facilitate map making and updating when the data are already in to facilitate map making and updating when the data are already in

digital form;digital form;6.6. to facilitate analyses of data that demand interaction between to facilitate analyses of data that demand interaction between

statistical analyses and mapping;statistical analyses and mapping;7.7. to minimize the use of the printed map as a data store and thereby to minimize the use of the printed map as a data store and thereby

to minimize the effects of classification and generalization on the to minimize the effects of classification and generalization on the quality of the data;quality of the data;

8.8. to create maps that are difficult to make by hand, e.g. 3-D maps or to create maps that are difficult to make by hand, e.g. 3-D maps or stereoscopic maps;stereoscopic maps;

9.9. to create maps in which selection and generalization procedures are to create maps in which selection and generalization procedures are explicitly defined and consistently executed;explicitly defined and consistently executed;

10.to make possible a review of the whole mapmaking process, which 10.to make possible a review of the whole mapmaking process, which can also lead to savings and improvements.can also lead to savings and improvements.

Historical Background of Computer Historical Background of Computer Aided Mapping (CAM)Aided Mapping (CAM)

Consequently, during 1960’ and 1970’, Consequently, during 1960’ and 1970’, there were two main trends in the there were two main trends in the application of the CAM.application of the CAM.

Historical Background of Computer Historical Background of Computer Aided Mapping (CAM)Aided Mapping (CAM)

1.1. Automation of the existing tasksAutomation of the existing tasks

2.2. Need for spatial analysesNeed for spatial analyses

With current cartographic accuracyWith current cartographic accuracy and and visual quality. visual quality.

Development of Geographical Development of Geographical Information SystemsInformation Systems

Computer-aided design and computer graphics

G.I.S.TIME

TECHNICAL AND CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT

Automated Data Collection(Huge Amount of Data)

Interdisciplinary Analyses Need(Civil Eng.,Urban Planing, Soil Science,....)

Spatial Data Processing Need

Fast Cartographic Analysis Need

High quality drafting Need

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