introduction to geomatics - kau _ lecture 5... · principles of photogrammetry lecture 5:...
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Geomatics Department
King AbdulAziz University
Faculty of Environmental Design
قسم الجیوماتكس
Introduction to Photogrammetry
Introduction to GeomaticsGEOM 101
Ahmad Baik, Ph.D.Email: [email protected]
Week 8
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Summary
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
I. What is Photogrammetry
II. Principles of Human Vision
III. Branches of Photogrammetry
IV. Principles of Photogrammetry
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قسم الجیوماتكس
What is PhotogrammetryEtymology
Etymologically, the term photogrammetry is composed of threeGreek roots : ‘Photo’, ‘Gram’ and ‘Metry’.
* Photos: which means ‘Light’.* Graphein : which means ‘Write’ (or ‘Draw’)* Metron : which means ‘Measure’
Hence, we can deduce the etymological meaning as ‘the science ofmeasuring from photographs ’
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
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قسم الجیوماتكس
What is PhotogrammetryASPRS Definition
The American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing(ASPRS) defines photogrammetry as ‘the science, art andtechniques of obtaining reliable information about physicalobjects and the environment. This is done through a process ofrecording, measuring, and interpreting aerial and terrestrialphotographs ’.
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
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قسم الجیوماتكس
What is PhotogrammetryPhotogrammetry Workflow
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
A standard workflow of Photogrammetry contains three mainphases which are: 1) Data Acquisition, 2) PhotogrammetricProcedures and 3) Photogrammetric Products.
Data Acquisition
Film Camera
Digital Camera
Photogrammetric Procedures
Rectification
Restitution
Aero-Triangulation
Photogrammetric Products
Orthophotos
Topographic Maps
Digital Elevation Model
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Human Vision
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
The principles of Photogrammetry come from the understandingof how Human eyes work. In fact, the lens of the eyes act like aconvex lens that produces an image of the object on the retina.The produced image, which has an inversed orientation, is thentransmitted to the brain through the optic nerve in order to beinterpreted.
ObjectRetina
Eye’s Lens
Eye
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Human Vision
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
The monoscopy is the process of vision that involves only a singleeye. Although the image formed on the retina contains a hugeamount of information, the monoscopy provides only a twodimensional representation of the scene (the perception doesn’tcontain any information about the depth of the scene).
Monoscopy
Left Eye
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Human Vision
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
The Stereoscopy is the process of vision that involves the two eyesat the same time. The Stereoscopy allows perceiving the thirddimension of the scene, through the brain interpretation of the twoimages that are formed on the left and right retinas.
Stereoscopy
Left Eye Right Eye
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Human Vision
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
The Human brain does not make any ‘graphical’ report of therays that come from the scene. It analyses the angle between thetwo light beams (that come from one object) which are perceived byeach eye. This angle is called ‘Parallactic Angle’.
Parallactic Angle
A point which is closer to thehuman eyes has a largeparallactic angle, and pointwhich is farther has a smallerparallactic angle.
Left Eye Right Eye
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Branches of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
There are many methods used in photogrammetry in order toextract information from photos. However, Photogrammetry may bedivided into two main groups: 1) Aerial Photogrammetry and 2)Close range (or Terrestrial) Photogrammetry.
In addition, Aerial Photogrammetry may also be classified intothree categories:
1- Analog Photogrammetry,2- Analytical Photogrammetry,3- Digital Photogrammetry,
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Branches of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
The development ofbranches ofPhotogrammetrydepends on theadvancement andinnovation related t0the used technologies(photography,airplanes, computersand electronics).
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Branches of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Analog Photogrammetry is the branch of Photogrammetry thatincludes all methods and techniques to extract information fromanalog photos based on mechanical and optical methods or theircombination.
The Principle of Analog Photogrammetry is to produce in thelaboratory, and on a smaller scale, the configuration of thecamera when taking pictures in two positions. Thisconfiguration is reconstructed by using optical and mechanicalinstruments.
Analog Photogrammetry
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Branches of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Example of an analog instrument for Photogrammetry
Analog Photogrammetry
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Branches of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Analytical Photogrammetry is also based on the reconstruction ofcamera’s positions during the flight mission. However, thereconstruction is not performed mechanically.
Although the used photos are analog, the principle of AnalyticalPhotogrammetry is to reconstruct mathematically theconfiguration of cameras during the flight using computers.
Analytical Photogrammetry
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Branches of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Example of an analytical instrument for Photogrammetry
Analytical Photogrammetry
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Branches of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Digital Photogrammetry uses the same mathematical principlesas Analytical Photogrammetry. However, DigitalPhotogrammetry (in contrast to Analytical Photogrammetry) usesDigital Photos.
Digital Photogrammetry
Digital Photos may come eitherfrom scanning existing AnalogPhotos, or directly acquired fromDigital camera (see picture below).
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Branches of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Example of an Digital instrument for Photogrammetry
Digital Photogrammetry
Leica Photogrammetric High Resolution Scanner
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Branches of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Close –range (Terrestrial) Photogrammetry
Close-range (or Terrestrial)Photogrammetry uses the sametheoretical basis as AerialPhotogrammetry. In the case,the photos are taken from a very-close distance from the objectto be photographed.
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Characteristics aerial photographyMarginal data of aerial photography
Fiducial marks: small registrationmarks exposed on the edges of aphotograph. The distances betweenfiducial marks are preciselymeasured when a camera iscalibrated.Roll and Photo Numbers: eachaerial photo is assigned a uniqueindex number according to thephoto's roll and frame.Geographic location, time anddate, etc.
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Focal and ScaleFocal length: the distance from themiddle of the camera lens to thefocal plane (i.e. the film). Thefocal length is preciselymeasured when the camera iscalibrated.
Scale: the ratio of the distancebetween two points on a photo tothe actual distance between thesame two points on the ground.
Characteristics aerial photography
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Distortion on aerial photographyThe projection of a photography is a perspective (or central)projection, because all the rays should pass through a point calledthe center of perspective. This type of projection causes animportant distortions especially for taller object on the scene.
Characteristics aerial photography
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Stereoscopic coverage
The concept of Stereoscopy inphotogrammetry is one of themost important notions. It usesthe same principle of humanvision in order to extract theelevation of an object in a scene. Toretrieve the elevation from a scene ithas to be necessaryphotographed from to differentperspectives (Overlap region).
Overlap Region
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Stereoscopic coverage
Overlap: is the amount by whichone photograph includes thearea covered by anotherphotograph, and is expressed as apercentage. The photo survey isdesigned to acquire 60 per centforward overlap (betweenphotos along the same flightline) and 30 per cent lateraloverlap (between photos onadjacent flight lines).
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Stereoscopic restitution
The Stereoscopic restitution consists of reconstructing astereoscopic model (which will be seen by the operator) from twoimages that were taken from different angles. To do so, each eyehas to see only the corresponding image (left or right), and thehuman brain will automatically perceive the three-dimension.
Left Eye Right Eye
Left Image Right Image
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Stereoscopic restitution
There many methods used to display the corresponding image foreach eye. The most used methods are: 1) Optical Stereoscope, 2)Anaglyph (with complementary colors) and 3) Polarization(polarized filters).
Example of Optical Stereoscope
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Stereoscopic restitution
To display the two images, we use aspecial glass with twocomplementary colors (cyan andRed for example). Hence, eacheye will see only one of the twoimages.
Example of Anaglyph
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Stereoscopic restitution
To display the two images, we use aspecial glass with two differentpolarization (Horizontal andVertical for example). Hence,each eye will see only one of thetwo images.
Example of Polarization
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Stereoscopic restitution
In order to construct a Stereo Model, it is necessary to reconfigurethe position of the two images as their initial positions duringthe flight mission.
The process of Stereoscopic restitution consists of three mainphases:
1- Interior orientation2- Relative orientation3- Absolute orientation
Sometimes, relative and absolute orientation may be combined inone step called Exterior orientation.
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Stereoscopic restitution
The aim of Interior orientation is to define a Photo coordinatesystem for each Photography. This is very important in order toreconstruct the Perspective Projection of each image. To do so, weuse the fiducial marks for each photography.
Interior Orientation
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Stereoscopic restitution
The aim of Relative orientation is to the relative position of twophotographs, or a relation to another. To do so, an image is fixedand we ‘drag and rotate’ the other until finding the relative positionas the flight mission. "Drag and rotate" means to move the imagearound the axis ω (Omega), φ (Phi) and K (Kappa),corresponding to X, Y and Z.
Relative Orientation
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Principles of Photogrammetry
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Stereoscopic restitution
The Absolute orientation aimsto bring the relative stereo-model constructed in theprevious phase to the groundScale, Orientation and Level.When we complete this phase,the measurement on thestereo-model will be the sameas if we were on the real field.
Absolute Orientation
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Lecture 5: Introduction to Photogrammetry
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قسم الجیوماتكس
Introduction to GPS
Introduction to GeomaticsGEOM 101
Reda Yaagoubi, Ph.D.Email: [email protected]
Week 9