introduction to geographic information systems (gis) lesson 1. amriddin samiev, ph.d. tspu, hungary...
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Introduction to Geographic Information
Systems (GIS)
Lesson 1.
Amriddin Samiev, Ph.D.TSPU,
Hungary 2012
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OutlinesOutlines
• Introduction• Who use GIS? & what can we do with
GIS• How does GIS work?• Geography database & types of data• Features of GIS • SDI• summary
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We Live in Two WorldsWe Live in Two Worlds
Self-Regulating Managed
Natural World Constructed World
. . . These Are Increasingly In Conflict
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• Watersheds• Communities• Neighborhoods• Districts
Context and ContentContext and Content
• Patterns• Linkages• Trends
Seeing the Whole Managing Places
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What is GIS?
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Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based system including software, hardware, people, and geographic information
A GIS can:create, edit, query, analyze, and display map information on the computer
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Geographic Information SystemGeographic Information System
• Geographic – 80% of government data collected is associated with some location in space
• Information - attributes, or thecharacteristics (data), can be used to symbolize and provide further insight into a given location
• System – a seamless operation linking the information to the geography – which requires hardware, networks, software, data, and operational procedures
…not just software! …not just for making maps!
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Who uses GIS?Who uses GIS?• International organizations
UN HABITAT, The World Bank, UNEP, FAO, WHO, etc.
• Private industry Transport, Real Estate, Insurance, etc.
• Government Ministries of Environment, Housing, Agriculture,
etc. Local Authorities, Cities, Municipalities, etc. Provincial Agencies for Planning, Parks,
Transportation, etc.
• Non-profit organizations/NGO’s World Resources Institute, ICMA, etc.
• Academic and Research Institutions Smithsonian Institution, CIESIN, etc.
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• The possibilities are unlimited… Environmental impact assessment Resource management Land use planning Tax Mapping Water and Sanitation Mapping Transportation routing and more ...
What can you do with a GIS?What can you do with a GIS?
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How does a GIS work?How does a GIS work?
• GIS data has a spatial/geographic reference
This might be a reference that describes a feature on the earth using:
• a latitude & longitude• a national coordinate system• an address• a district• a wetland identifier• a road name
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• A GIS stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers that can be linked together by geography
Polygon 3 Scrub 17 Very high Clay
Geography and DatabasesGeography and Databases
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GIS providesGIS provides Data Integration Data Integration
VectorsVectors
TopologyTopology
NetworksNetworks
TerrainTerrain
SurveysSurveys
ImagesImages
CADCADDrawingsDrawings
AnnotationAnnotation
AddressesAddresses
27 Main St.27 Main St.
AttributesAttributes
ABCABC
107’107’
3D Objects3D Objects
DimensionsDimensions
• Roads• Land Parcels• Population• Utilities• Land Mines• Hospitals• Refugee Camps• Wells• Sanitation
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Two fundamental types of Two fundamental types of datadata
• Vector A series of x,y coordinates For discrete data represented as points, lines,
polygons
• Raster Grid and cells For continuous data such as elevation, slope,
surfaces
• A Desktop GIS should be able to handle both types of data effectively!
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Raster
Vector
Real World
Data RepresentationData Representation
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Other features of a GISOther features of a GIS
• Produce good cartographic products (translation = maps)
• Generate and maintain metadata• Use and share geoprocessing
models• Managing data in a geodatabase
using data models for each sector
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Hint – having GIS software does Hint – having GIS software does not a cartographer make!not a cartographer make!
• Good to know something about these issues when creating a map and doing spatial analysis… Scale/Resolution Projection Basic cartographic principles
regarding design, generalization, etc.
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Spatial Data InfrastructureSpatial Data Infrastructure(SDI)(SDI)
• Definition - the technology, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial data
• Part of many nation’s e-Gov strategy
• www.GSDI.org
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The WorldGeographicKnowledge
Citizens
Inventory
Decision Support
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World Summit on World Summit on Sustainable Development Sustainable Development
20022002
““Promote the development and Promote the development and wider use of earth observation wider use of earth observation technologies, including satellite technologies, including satellite remote sensing, global mapping remote sensing, global mapping and and geographic information geographic information systemssystems, to collect quality data on , to collect quality data on environmental impacts, land use environmental impacts, land use and land use changes.and land use changes.””
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……working together!working together!
Achieving the MDGs Achieving the MDGs requires all of us…requires all of us…
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Thank You!Thank You!