introduction to film studies: forms course website: l a page containing all film studies course...
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Introduction to Film Studies: Forms
course website: A page containing all Film Studies course
descriptions and full syllabi will be linked to the following page:
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/humanities/filmstudies/
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Defining and controlling the space of the frame--framing
Aspect ratio Camera position/placement
– height
– angle
– level
– composition
– scale
– movement
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Aspect ratio (i)
Aspect ratio measures the shape and dimensions of the filmed image. It defines the proportions of the frame by taking the ratio of the length of the top or bottom to that of one of its sides.
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Aspect ratio (ii)
Academy ratio 1.33:1 European widescreen/Super 16 1.66:1 Digital TV 1.78:1 Panavision 1:1.85 SuperPanavision (70mm) 2.2:1 CinemaScope (anamorphic) 1:2.35
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Anamorphic photography
Compared with a normal photograph, an anamorphic camera takes in a much wider angle of view and produces an image on the film that is laterally compressed.
In projection, a compensating lens expands the squeezed image to provide a wide screen presentation.
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Widescreen style, post-1950s
Predisposition towards panoramas and views in long shot, stressing interrelatedness of characters and environments.
Increased use of camera movement and long takes.
Frontal orientation of camera, framing movement of characters in a larger space.
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Aspect ratio (iii)
Academy ratio
European widescreen
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Aspect ratio (iv)
Panavision
CinemaScope
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Positioning the camera
Camera height Camera angle
– High and low angles Composition Camera levels
– Canted frames Camera distance or scale Camera movement
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Camera height
Low camera height
High camera height
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Camera angle
High angle
Low angle
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Composition
Static composition
Dynamic composition
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Camera levels
Canted frames
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Positioning the camera: scale
Scale refers to our perception of the size of the image relative to that of the frame.
The scale of the image is a function of both focal distance and focal length.– Focal distance is the distance between camera and
subject.– Focal length is a property of the camera lens.
A measurement of the lens’s optics relative to its powers of magnification.
The “longer” the lens, the greater its powers of magnification
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Defining focal length (for 35mm film)
Long or telephoto lenses: 75mm or more “Normal” lenses: 35-70mm Short or wide-angle lenses: 35mm or less A zoom, or variable focal length lens, combines
all these properties in one lens.– Zooming mimics camera movements. However, the
camera does not move; it increases or decreases magnification of all object(s) in frame.
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Scale and cutting height
ELS extreme long shot LS long shot FS full shot 3/4 three-quarter shot MS medium shot MCU medium close-up CU close-up ECU extreme close-up
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Scale (i)
extreme long shot long shot
full shot
3/4 shot
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Scale (ii)
medium shot
medium close-up
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Scale (iii)
close-up
extreme close-up