Introduction to Earth Introduction to Earth ScienceScience

Chapter 1Chapter 1

1.1 What is Earth Science?1.1 What is Earth Science?

►Understanding Earth is not easy, Understanding Earth is not easy, because our planet is always changing.because our planet is always changing.

►Earth ScienceEarth Science – –

►Geochemistry, geophysics, geobiology, Geochemistry, geophysics, geobiology, paleontology, oceanography, paleontology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy.meteorology, and astronomy.

1.1 What is Earth Science?1.1 What is Earth Science?

►We will begin our study with We will begin our study with GeologyGeology Means _____________________________Means _____________________________ _________________________– the physical _________________________– the physical

processes on Earthprocesses on Earth __________________________– understanding __________________________– understanding

Earth’s history.Earth’s history.

1.1 What is Earth Science?1.1 What is Earth Science?

►Formation of the EarthFormation of the Earth Nebular hypothesis:Nebular hypothesis:

Layers of the EarthLayers of the Earth►How did they form?How did they form?

1.2 - A View of the Earth1.2 - A View of the Earth

►Earth’s Major SpheresEarth’s Major Spheres _____________– the water portion of our _____________– the water portion of our

planetplanet ________________ – Earth’s gaseous ________________ – Earth’s gaseous

envelopeenvelope ________________ – solid portion of Earth________________ – solid portion of Earth

►Split into 3 parts: Split into 3 parts:

__________________________________ – all life on Earth – all life on Earth

1.2 - A View of the Earth1.2 - A View of the Earth

►The Earth is a dynamic, (always The Earth is a dynamic, (always changing), planetchanging), planet ________________________________________________________________ – forces – forces

that build the Earththat build the Earth ________________________________________________________________ – forces – forces

that break down Earththat break down Earth Plate tectonics:Plate tectonics:

1.3 – Representing Earth’s 1.3 – Representing Earth’s SurfaceSurface

►Determining LocationDetermining Location ________________________________________- distance north or south of - distance north or south of

the equator, measured in degrees.the equator, measured in degrees. _______________________ – distance east or west of _______________________ – distance east or west of

the prime meridian, measured in degrees.the prime meridian, measured in degrees.

►MapsMaps No matter what kind of map you have there will No matter what kind of map you have there will

always be some sort of distortion.always be some sort of distortion.►Mapmakers have found ways to diminish the distortion Mapmakers have found ways to diminish the distortion

of maps.of maps.

1.3 – Representing Earth’s 1.3 – Representing Earth’s SurfaceSurface

►The Mercator Projection – (pg 12)The Mercator Projection – (pg 12) Used by sailorsUsed by sailors Rectangular to show directions accurately.Rectangular to show directions accurately. However, sizes and distances are However, sizes and distances are

distorted.distorted.

►Robinson ProjectionRobinson Projection Shows distances, sizes, and shapes Shows distances, sizes, and shapes

accurately, but has distortions around accurately, but has distortions around edges (pg. 13)edges (pg. 13)

1.3 – Representing Earth’s 1.3 – Representing Earth’s SurfaceSurface

►Conic Projections (pg. 13)Conic Projections (pg. 13) Used to make road and weather mapsUsed to make road and weather maps Very accurate at the line of latitude it Very accurate at the line of latitude it

measures, but not accurate away from it.measures, but not accurate away from it.

►Gnonomic Projection (pg 13)Gnonomic Projection (pg 13) Used by sailors to show shortest distances Used by sailors to show shortest distances

between two points on a globe.between two points on a globe.

1.3 – Representing Earth’s 1.3 – Representing Earth’s SurfaceSurface

►Topographic MapsTopographic Maps Represents the Earth’s 3 dimensions on a 2 Represents the Earth’s 3 dimensions on a 2

dimensional surface.dimensional surface. They show elevation using ________________.They show elevation using ________________.

►Every position along a single contour line is at Every position along a single contour line is at the same elevation.the same elevation.

►The ______________________________ tells you the The ______________________________ tells you the difference in elevation between adjacent lines.difference in elevation between adjacent lines.

Lines closer together show steeper slopes, while lines Lines closer together show steeper slopes, while lines far apart show gently sloping landscapes.far apart show gently sloping landscapes.

1.3 – Representing Earth’s 1.3 – Representing Earth’s SurfaceSurface

►Contour LinesContour Lines Lines in a circle represent a hill, while Lines in a circle represent a hill, while

circles with hachure marks represent a circles with hachure marks represent a depression.depression.

►ScaleScale Shows the distance between two points Shows the distance between two points

on a map.on a map. A map will always tell you its scaleA map will always tell you its scale

1.3 – Representing Earth’s 1.3 – Representing Earth’s SurfaceSurface

►Geologic MapsGeologic Maps Shows the type and age of exposed rock.Shows the type and age of exposed rock.

►SatellitesSatellites Allows us to very precisely map the Allows us to very precisely map the

Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface GPS – Global Positioning SystemGPS – Global Positioning System

►Table 1 – pg. 17Table 1 – pg. 17

1.5 Scientific Inquiry1.5 Scientific Inquiry

►Scientific MethodScientific Method 1. ______________________________1. ______________________________

►Only what you see, smell, hear, touch, and Only what you see, smell, hear, touch, and sometimes tastesometimes taste

►You DO NOT draw any conclusions from your You DO NOT draw any conclusions from your observations.observations.

2. ______________________________2. ______________________________►An educated guess to explain your An educated guess to explain your

observationsobservations

1.5 Scientific Inquiry1.5 Scientific Inquiry

3. _________________________________3. _________________________________►This tests your hypothesisThis tests your hypothesis►Must be carefully and thoughtfully carried out Must be carefully and thoughtfully carried out

including dependant and independent including dependant and independent variables and a control.variables and a control.

►Data must be collected Data must be collected

4. ___________________________________4. ___________________________________Graphs, charts, illustrationsGraphs, charts, illustrations

1.5 Scientific Inquiry1.5 Scientific Inquiry

5. ___________________________________5. ___________________________________►Tell what your data representsTell what your data represents►State whether it supports or does not support your State whether it supports or does not support your

hypothesishypothesis

► ________________________________________________________ – well tested and – well tested and widely accepted by the scientific community widely accepted by the scientific community and best explains certain observable facts.and best explains certain observable facts. Tells what is observed in nature and attempts to Tells what is observed in nature and attempts to

explain it.explain it. Examples:Examples:

1.5 Scientific Inquiry1.5 Scientific Inquiry

► ______________________________________________________________________ Tell what is occurring in nature but Tell what is occurring in nature but does notdoes not

attempt to explain it.attempt to explain it. Examples:Examples:

►Metric base unitsMetric base units Length:Length: Mass:Mass: Time:Time: Temperature:Temperature:

1.5 Scientific Inquiry1.5 Scientific Inquiry

►Metrix Prefixes: Metrix Prefixes: MEMORIZE MEMORIZE THESE!!!THESE!!! giga:giga: deci:deci: mega:mega: centi:centi: kilo:kilo: milli:milli: hecto:hecto: micro:micro: deka:deka: nano:nano: