Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Introduction to Deep Learning

Joana Frontera-PonsGrigorios Tsagkatakis

Dictionary Learning on Manifolds workshopNice, September 2017

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Big Data

The 5VsVolume

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Big Data

The 5VsVolume

Velocity

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Big Data

The 5VsVolume

Velocity

Variety

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Big Data

The 5VsVolume

Velocity

Variety

Veracity

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Big Data

The 5VsVolume

Velocity

Variety

Veracity

Value

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Big Data & Data Driven Science

Astronomy & Astrophysics

Sky Survey Project Volume Velocity Variety

Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) 50 TB 200 GB per day

Images, redshifts

Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST )

~ 200 PB 10 TB per day Images, catalogs

Square Kilometer Array (SKA ) ~ 4.6 EB 150 TB per day Images, redshifts

Astrophysics and Big Data: Challenges, Methods, and Tools. Mauro Garofalo, Alessio Botta, and Giorgio Ventre.

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Handling Big Data

• Machine Learning + Big Data -> Data science

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Types of Machine Learning

Supervised learning: present example inputs and theirdesired outputs (labels) → learn a general rule that mapsinputs to outputs.

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Types of Machine Learning

Unsupervised learning: no labels are given → find structure ininput.

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Types of Machine Learning

Reinforcement learning: system interacts with environmentand must perform a certain goal without explicitly telling itwhether it has come close to its goal or not.

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Feature extraction in ML

Image Low-level

vision features

(edges, SIFT, HOG, etc.)

Object detection

/ classification

Input data (pixels)

LearningAlgorithm(e.g., SVM)

feature representation (hand-crafted)

Features are not learned

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Pixel 2

Pix

el 1

No CarCar

Pixel 1

Pixel 2

Learning Algorithm

Feature learning

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Pixel 2

Pix

el 1

No CarCar

Feature learning

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Feature Representation

Feature 2Fe

atu

re 1

Pixel 1

Pixel 2

Learning Algorithm

Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

SIFT Spin image

Textons

Computer vision features

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SURF, MSER, LBP, Color-SIFT, Color histogram, …..

HoG

Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Beyond SotA

Limitations

Hand-crafting

Case-specific

Single source data

Deep Learning

Learning-based

Generic

Multi-source

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Feature representation

1st layer “Edges”

2nd layer “Object parts”

3rd layer “Objects”

Pixels

Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Biological Motivation

• 86Billion neurons

• 1014-1015 synapses

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Key components

Layers (input/hidden/output)

Weights

Activations

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Why today

• Big Data

• Processing recourses (GPU/Cloud)

• Advances in optimization

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Brief history of DL

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

CIFAR 10 and CNN

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Since then…

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

• T

• Support Vector Machine

• Logistic Regression

• Convolutional Neural Net

• Recurrent Neural Net

• Denoising Autoencoder

• Restricted Boltzmannmachines

• Sparse coding

• Stacked Denoising Autoencoder

• Deep Boltzmann machines

• Hierarchical Sparse Coding

DeepShallow

Supervised

Unsupervised

Taxonomy of learning methods

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Training & Testing (inference)

• Training: determine weights• Supervised: labeled training examples

• Unsupervised: no labels available

• Reinforcement: examples associated with rewards

• Inference: apply weights to new examples

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Training DNN

1. Get batch of data

2. Forward through the network -> estimate loss

3. Backpropagate error

4. Update weights based on gradient

Errors

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Gradient Descent

Minimize function J w.r.t. parameters θ

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)

Extensions: momentum, Nesterov, Adagrad

𝜃 = 𝜃 − 𝑛𝛻𝜃J(θ)

𝜃 = 𝜃 − 𝑛𝛻𝜃J(θ; 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦 𝑖 )

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Learning rate

Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Visualization

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Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning

Characteristics

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Under-fitting

Over-fitting

Big Data Machine Learning Deep Learning 29

Sasen Cain (@spectralradius)