introduction to cross culture (1)
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Introduction to Cross
Culture
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Meaning & Definition of Culture
Culture consists of patterned way of thinking, feeling and reacting that isacquired & transmitted mainly by symbols constituing the distinctiveachievement of human groups which includes embodiment of artifacts.
Essential core of Cutlure consists of Traditional ideas and their attachedvalues (historically derived and selected)
Culture is subjective perception of human-made part of the environment including categorization of social stimuli, associations, beliefs, attitudes,roles and values that individuals share.
Culture consists of Shared mental programs that control individualsresponse to their environment
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Divergence & Convergence of Culture
Divergence
National Culture & Regional Culture societal factors,environment, political situation, legal systems, education andlabor relations
Individual experiences contributing to the diversity within culture
Convergence
Development of nations, connectivity across the world,enhancement of education across the borders, increasedoccupational diversity, urban intensification, development of mass
communication
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Few cultures
Western Culture
European Culture
Asian Culture Indian Culture
Russian culture
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Features of Culture Culture is Shared
Personality
Culture
Human Nature
Inherited &Learnt
Learned
Biological
Specific toindividuals
Specific to groups
Universal
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Features of Culture
Culture is Learnt
Culture is transmitted through processof learning and interacting with theenvironment language, governmentsystems, forms of marriage, religioussystems
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Features of culture
Culture is systemic & Organized
Cultures are integrated coherent logical systems it is more thanrandom assortment of customs
Culture is organized system of values, attitudes, beliefs andbehavioural meanings related to each other and to environmentalcontext.
Culture is neither genetic nor about individual behaviour, it iscontained within the knowledge systems of individuals. Thesesystems are formed during childhood and reinforced through life.Therefore they are pervasive but often not immediate apparent tosociety members
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Hofstedes Model
Collectivism Individualism Ones self identity is definedaccording to individual characteristics or by the characteristics ofthe group to which an individual belongs on permanent basis.
Power Distance refers to extent to which power differences
are accepted and sanctioned in the society
Uncertainty Avoidance focuses on ways on how societiesfocus on reducing uncertainty and create stability.
Masculinity/Feminity refers to the extent to which maleorientations of ambition and achievement are emphasized overfemale orientation of nurturance and interpersonal harmony.
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Criticism of Hofstede
Hofstedes framework was developed from 2 surveys conducted in 1968 &1972 in side IBM that restricts the ability to generalize to otherorganizations whose members might be systematically different.
Items of the survey were not developed from any theoretical base butextracted from a broader survey designed to assess employee satisfaction,
perception of work and personal beliefs and goals.
Problem associated with mathematics of factor analysis there were toofew data points for the number of questionnaire items
Two of the Hofstedes dimensions were separated arbitrarily
Many of the items within dimensions seem to be unrelated to each other
Many of the items related to several of the dimenstions (Dorfman & Howell1988; Maznevski et al. 1993)
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Trompenaars Dimensions
Study was conducted by Fons Trompenaars administered a questionnaire to over 15,000 managers in28 countries
His study gave the Seven Value Dimensions that werederived primarily from the prior work of North AmericanSociologists and Anthropologists (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck1961; Parsons & Shills, 1951)
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Seven Dimensions of Trompenaar
Universalism
Particularism: Universalism is a belief that what is trueand good can be discovered and applied universally, Particularism is abelief that unique circumstances determine what is right or good
Individualism-Collectivism: Similar to Hofstede; individual benefitsversus group interest
Neutral Affective: In neutral culture, emotions are held back andmaintaining an appearance of self control is important; whereas inaffective cultures it is natural to express emotions
Specific Diffuse: This dimension refers to the extent to which
individual are willing to allow access to their inner selves to others. Inspecific cultures, people separate the private part of their lives from thepublic, whereas in diffuse cultures, these aspects of the individualoverlap.
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Achievement-Ascripiton: This dimension is about how status and powerare determined in a society. In an ascription society, status is based on whoa person, whereas in an achievement society, status is based on what aperson does
Time: Past versus future orientation, extent to which time is viewed aslinear versus holistic and integrative with past and present together withfuture possibilities
Environment: Extent to which individual feels that they themselves are theprimary influence in their lives. Alternatively the environment is seen asmore powerful than people and they should strive to achieve harmony withNature
Loyal Involvement-Utilitarian commitment: Orientation towards groupmembers
Conservatism-Egalitarian commitment: obligations of socialrelationships
Seven Dimensions of Trompenaar
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Assignment
Study the quesitonnaire & scores ofHofstede model
Pick up 8 countries of your choicefrom the table to draw a pattern intheir cultures.