introduction to comparative anatomy and physiology unit 1

Introduction to Comparative Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Comparative Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1Unit 1

2

IntroductionIntroduction

Comparative Anatomy and Physiology:

study of the structure and function of study of the structure and function of various organisms and their various organisms and their interrelationships and differencesinterrelationships and differences

Comparative Anatomy and Physiology:

study of the structure and function of study of the structure and function of various organisms and their various organisms and their interrelationships and differencesinterrelationships and differences

3

Importance of A & PImportance of A & P• Understand how organisms respond to a Understand how organisms respond to a

stimulusstimulus• Understand basis of diseaseUnderstand basis of disease• Essential knowledge for people in biological Essential knowledge for people in biological

science careersscience careers• Improve your understanding of treatments, Improve your understanding of treatments,

advertisements, and reports presented advertisements, and reports presented within the scientific communitywithin the scientific community

• Understand how organisms respond to a Understand how organisms respond to a stimulusstimulus

• Understand basis of diseaseUnderstand basis of disease• Essential knowledge for people in biological Essential knowledge for people in biological

science careersscience careers• Improve your understanding of treatments, Improve your understanding of treatments,

advertisements, and reports presented advertisements, and reports presented within the scientific communitywithin the scientific community

4

I. AnatomyI. Anatomy

• Scientific discipline that investigates Scientific discipline that investigates the structures of an organismthe structures of an organism

– Anatomy = to dissect parts of an Anatomy = to dissect parts of an organism for studyorganism for study

• Scientific discipline that investigates Scientific discipline that investigates the structures of an organismthe structures of an organism

– Anatomy = to dissect parts of an Anatomy = to dissect parts of an organism for studyorganism for study

5

A. Structure & FunctionA. Structure & Function

• The structure of a body part is closely The structure of a body part is closely related to its functionrelated to its function

• Understanding this relationship makes Understanding this relationship makes learning anatomy easierlearning anatomy easier

• The structure of a body part is closely The structure of a body part is closely related to its functionrelated to its function

• Understanding this relationship makes Understanding this relationship makes learning anatomy easierlearning anatomy easier

6

Types of Anatomical StudyTypes of Anatomical Study

A.A. SystemicSystemic – by systems ( – by systems (e.g.e.g. nervous) nervous)B.B. RegionalRegional – body areas ( – body areas (e.g. e.g. head)head)C.C. SurfaceSurface – external features ( – external features (e.g.e.g. bony bony

projections)projections)D.D. Anatomical ImagingAnatomical Imaging – pictures of internal – pictures of internal

structures (x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic structures (x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging)resonance imaging)

A.A. SystemicSystemic – by systems ( – by systems (e.g.e.g. nervous) nervous)B.B. RegionalRegional – body areas ( – body areas (e.g. e.g. head)head)C.C. SurfaceSurface – external features ( – external features (e.g.e.g. bony bony

projections)projections)D.D. Anatomical ImagingAnatomical Imaging – pictures of internal – pictures of internal

structures (x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic structures (x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging)resonance imaging)

7

II. PhysiologyII. Physiology

• The study of natureThe study of nature

• The scientific discipline that deals with The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living the processes or functions of living thingsthings

• The study of natureThe study of nature

• The scientific discipline that deals with The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living the processes or functions of living thingsthings

8

A. Major goals of physiologyA. Major goals of physiology

1.1. To understand and predict the To understand and predict the organism responds to stimuli.organism responds to stimuli.

2.2. To understand how the organism To understand how the organism maintains conditions within a narrow maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment.continually changing environment.

1.1. To understand and predict the To understand and predict the organism responds to stimuli.organism responds to stimuli.

2.2. To understand how the organism To understand how the organism maintains conditions within a narrow maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment.continually changing environment.

9

B. Human PhysiologyB. Human Physiology

• The study of the processes and The study of the processes and functions of humans functions of humans

• The study of the processes and The study of the processes and functions of humans functions of humans

10

C. Cellular and Systemic PhysiologyC. Cellular and Systemic Physiology

• The studies of physiology that The studies of physiology that emphasize specific organizational emphasize specific organizational levelslevels

• The studies of physiology that The studies of physiology that emphasize specific organizational emphasize specific organizational levelslevels

11

III. Structural and Functional Organization

III. Structural and Functional Organization

12

A. Six Structural LevelsA. Six Structural Levels

1.1. ChemicalChemical – interactions among atoms – interactions among atoms and their combinations into moleculesand their combinations into molecules

a.a. H, O, N, C = 96% of human bodyH, O, N, C = 96% of human body

2.2. CellCell – basic living units of organisms – basic living units of organismsa.a. Contain organelles which each have Contain organelles which each have

specific functionsspecific functions

1.1. ChemicalChemical – interactions among atoms – interactions among atoms and their combinations into moleculesand their combinations into molecules

a.a. H, O, N, C = 96% of human bodyH, O, N, C = 96% of human body

2.2. CellCell – basic living units of organisms – basic living units of organismsa.a. Contain organelles which each have Contain organelles which each have

specific functionsspecific functions

13

Structural Levels, continued… Structural Levels, continued…

3.3. TissueTissue – a group of similar cells and – a group of similar cells and materials surrounding them that act materials surrounding them that act together to perform a common functiontogether to perform a common function

a.a. Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervousEpithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

3.3. TissueTissue – a group of similar cells and – a group of similar cells and materials surrounding them that act materials surrounding them that act together to perform a common functiontogether to perform a common function

a.a. Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervousEpithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

14

Structural Levels, continued…Structural Levels, continued…

4.4. OrganOrgan – group of two or – group of two or more tissue types working more tissue types working together to perform a special together to perform a special functionfunction

a.a. Heart, lung, kidney, spleenHeart, lung, kidney, spleen

4.4. OrganOrgan – group of two or – group of two or more tissue types working more tissue types working together to perform a special together to perform a special functionfunction

a.a. Heart, lung, kidney, spleenHeart, lung, kidney, spleen

15

Org

ans

Org

ans

16


5.5. Organ SystemOrgan System – group of organs – group of organs classified as a unit because of classified as a unit because of common function or set of functionscommon function or set of functions

5.5. Organ SystemOrgan System – group of organs – group of organs classified as a unit because of classified as a unit because of common function or set of functionscommon function or set of functions

17

Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…

a.a. Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System• Provides protectionProvides protection• Regulates temperatureRegulates temperature• Prevents water lossPrevents water loss• Produces vitamin D precursorsProduces vitamin D precursors• Skin, hair, nails, sweat glandsSkin, hair, nails, sweat glands

a.a. Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System• Provides protectionProvides protection• Regulates temperatureRegulates temperature• Prevents water lossPrevents water loss• Produces vitamin D precursorsProduces vitamin D precursors• Skin, hair, nails, sweat glandsSkin, hair, nails, sweat glands

18


b.b. Skeletal SystemSkeletal System• Provides protection & supportProvides protection & support• Allows body movementsAllows body movements• Produces blood cellsProduces blood cells• Stores minerals and fatStores minerals and fat• Bones, cartilages, ligaments, jointsBones, cartilages, ligaments, joints

b.b. Skeletal SystemSkeletal System• Provides protection & supportProvides protection & support• Allows body movementsAllows body movements• Produces blood cellsProduces blood cells• Stores minerals and fatStores minerals and fat• Bones, cartilages, ligaments, jointsBones, cartilages, ligaments, joints

19


c.c. Muscular systemMuscular system• Produces body movementsProduces body movements• Maintains postureMaintains posture• Produces body heatProduces body heat• Muscles (attached to skeleton by Muscles (attached to skeleton by

tendons)tendons)

c.c. Muscular systemMuscular system• Produces body movementsProduces body movements• Maintains postureMaintains posture• Produces body heatProduces body heat• Muscles (attached to skeleton by Muscles (attached to skeleton by

tendons)tendons)

20

Organ Systems, continued…Organ Systems, continued…d.d. Lymphatic systemLymphatic system

• Removes foreign substances from Removes foreign substances from blood and lymphblood and lymph

• Combats diseaseCombats disease• Maintains tissue fluid balanceMaintains tissue fluid balance• Absorbs fats from digestive tractAbsorbs fats from digestive tract• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,

and other lymphatic organsand other lymphatic organs

d.d. Lymphatic systemLymphatic system• Removes foreign substances from Removes foreign substances from

blood and lymphblood and lymph• Combats diseaseCombats disease• Maintains tissue fluid balanceMaintains tissue fluid balance• Absorbs fats from digestive tractAbsorbs fats from digestive tract• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,

and other lymphatic organsand other lymphatic organs

21


e.e. Respiratory systemRespiratory system• Exchanges oxygen and carbon Exchanges oxygen and carbon

dioxide between blood and airdioxide between blood and air• Regulates blood pHRegulates blood pH• Lungs and respiratory passagesLungs and respiratory passages

e.e. Respiratory systemRespiratory system• Exchanges oxygen and carbon Exchanges oxygen and carbon

dioxide between blood and airdioxide between blood and air• Regulates blood pHRegulates blood pH• Lungs and respiratory passagesLungs and respiratory passages

22


f.f. Digestive systemDigestive system• Performs the mechanical and Performs the mechanical and

chemical processes of digestion, chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wasteselimination of wastes

• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organsintestines, and accessory organs

f.f. Digestive systemDigestive system• Performs the mechanical and Performs the mechanical and

chemical processes of digestion, chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wasteselimination of wastes

• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organsintestines, and accessory organs

23


g.g. Nervous systemNervous system• Major regulatory system that detects Major regulatory system that detects

sensationssensations• Controls movements, physiologic Controls movements, physiologic

processes, and intellectual functionsprocesses, and intellectual functions• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and

sensory receptorssensory receptors

g.g. Nervous systemNervous system• Major regulatory system that detects Major regulatory system that detects

sensationssensations• Controls movements, physiologic Controls movements, physiologic

processes, and intellectual functionsprocesses, and intellectual functions• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and

sensory receptorssensory receptors

24


h.h. Endocrine systemEndocrine system• Major regulatory system that Major regulatory system that

influences metabolism, growth, influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other reproduction, and many other functionsfunctions

• Glands (Glands (e.g. e.g. pituitary) that secrete pituitary) that secrete hormoneshormones

h.h. Endocrine systemEndocrine system• Major regulatory system that Major regulatory system that

influences metabolism, growth, influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other reproduction, and many other functionsfunctions

• Glands (Glands (e.g. e.g. pituitary) that secrete pituitary) that secrete hormoneshormones

25


i.i. Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system• Transports nutrients, waste Transports nutrients, waste

products, gases, and hormones products, gases, and hormones throughout bodythroughout body

• Plays role in immune response Plays role in immune response and body temperature regulationand body temperature regulation

• Heart, blood vessels, and bloodHeart, blood vessels, and blood

i.i. Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system• Transports nutrients, waste Transports nutrients, waste

products, gases, and hormones products, gases, and hormones throughout bodythroughout body

• Plays role in immune response Plays role in immune response and body temperature regulationand body temperature regulation

• Heart, blood vessels, and bloodHeart, blood vessels, and blood

26


j.j. Urinary systemUrinary system• Removes waste products from Removes waste products from

bloodblood• Regulates blood pH, ion balance, Regulates blood pH, ion balance,

and water balanceand water balance• Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts

that carry urinethat carry urine

j.j. Urinary systemUrinary system• Removes waste products from Removes waste products from

bloodblood• Regulates blood pH, ion balance, Regulates blood pH, ion balance,

and water balanceand water balance• Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts

that carry urinethat carry urine

27


h.h. Reproductive System (Female)Reproductive System (Female)• Produces oocytesProduces oocytes• Site of fertilization and fetal developmentSite of fertilization and fetal development• Produces milkProduces milk• Produces hormones that influence sexual Produces hormones that influence sexual

function and behaviorsfunction and behaviors• Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands,

and associated structuresand associated structures

h.h. Reproductive System (Female)Reproductive System (Female)• Produces oocytesProduces oocytes• Site of fertilization and fetal developmentSite of fertilization and fetal development• Produces milkProduces milk• Produces hormones that influence sexual Produces hormones that influence sexual

function and behaviorsfunction and behaviors• Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands,

and associated structuresand associated structures

28


h.h. Reproductive System (Male)Reproductive System (Male)• Produces and transfers sperm Produces and transfers sperm

cells to femalecells to female• Produces hormones that Produces hormones that

influence sexual functions and influence sexual functions and behaviorsbehaviors

• Testes, accessory structures, Testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penisducts, and penis

h.h. Reproductive System (Male)Reproductive System (Male)• Produces and transfers sperm Produces and transfers sperm

cells to femalecells to female• Produces hormones that Produces hormones that

influence sexual functions and influence sexual functions and behaviorsbehaviors

• Testes, accessory structures, Testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penisducts, and penis

29


6.6. OrganismOrganism – any living thing – any living thing considered as a wholeconsidered as a whole

a.a. Unicellular, multicellularUnicellular, multicellular

b.b. Human organism is a complex of organ Human organism is a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent on systems that are mutually dependent on one anotherone another

6.6. OrganismOrganism – any living thing – any living thing considered as a wholeconsidered as a whole

a.a. Unicellular, multicellularUnicellular, multicellular

b.b. Human organism is a complex of organ Human organism is a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent on systems that are mutually dependent on one anotherone another

30

IV. Characteristics of LifeIV. Characteristics of Life

A.A. Six Essential Characteristics of LifeSix Essential Characteristics of Life1.1. OrganizationOrganization – an organism’s parts are – an organism’s parts are

interrelatedinterrelateda.a. All living things are composed of cellsAll living things are composed of cells

2.2. Metabolism (Energy)Metabolism (Energy) – ability to use energy – ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as growth, to perform vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproductionmovement, and reproductiona.a. Energy from sun (plants) or food (animals)Energy from sun (plants) or food (animals)

A.A. Six Essential Characteristics of LifeSix Essential Characteristics of Life1.1. OrganizationOrganization – an organism’s parts are – an organism’s parts are

interrelatedinterrelateda.a. All living things are composed of cellsAll living things are composed of cells

2.2. Metabolism (Energy)Metabolism (Energy) – ability to use energy – ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as growth, to perform vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproductionmovement, and reproductiona.a. Energy from sun (plants) or food (animals)Energy from sun (plants) or food (animals)

31

Six Essential Characteristics of Life, continued…Six Essential Characteristics of Life, continued…

3.3. HomeostasisHomeostasis – ability of an organism to sense – ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the changes in the environment and make the adjustment that help maintain its lifeadjustment that help maintain its life

4.4. GrowthGrowth – ability of an organism to increase in size – ability of an organism to increase in size (partially or totally)(partially or totally)

a.a. Either by increasing cell number or cell sizeEither by increasing cell number or cell size

3.3. HomeostasisHomeostasis – ability of an organism to sense – ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the changes in the environment and make the adjustment that help maintain its lifeadjustment that help maintain its life

4.4. GrowthGrowth – ability of an organism to increase in size – ability of an organism to increase in size (partially or totally)(partially or totally)

a.a. Either by increasing cell number or cell sizeEither by increasing cell number or cell size

32

Six Essential Characteristics of Life, continued…Six Essential Characteristics of Life, continued…

5.5. CellsCells – all organisms are made of one more – all organisms are made of one more cellscells

6.6. ReproductionReproduction – the formation of new cells or – the formation of new cells or organismsorganisms

a. Sexual or asexual reproduction a. Sexual or asexual reproduction

5.5. CellsCells – all organisms are made of one more – all organisms are made of one more cellscells

6.6. ReproductionReproduction – the formation of new cells or – the formation of new cells or organismsorganisms

a. Sexual or asexual reproduction a. Sexual or asexual reproduction

33

B. Environmental Requirements of Organisms

B. Environmental Requirements of Organisms

Organisms Organisms requirerequire certain factors in their environment certain factors in their environment or surroundings:or surroundings:

1.1. WaterWater2.2. FoodsFoods3.3. OxygenOxygen4.4. Heat – energy from metabolic reactionsHeat – energy from metabolic reactions5.5. PressurePressure

a.a. Atmospheric Atmospheric breathing breathingb.b. Hydrostatic Hydrostatic blood pressure blood pressure

Organisms Organisms requirerequire certain factors in their environment certain factors in their environment or surroundings:or surroundings:

1.1. WaterWater2.2. FoodsFoods3.3. OxygenOxygen4.4. Heat – energy from metabolic reactionsHeat – energy from metabolic reactions5.5. PressurePressure

a.a. Atmospheric Atmospheric breathing breathingb.b. Hydrostatic Hydrostatic blood pressure blood pressure

34

V. Homeostasis – Maintenance of LifeV. Homeostasis – Maintenance of Life

• The existence and maintenance of a The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within relatively constant environment within the bodythe body

– Narrow range of conditions (Narrow range of conditions (variablesvariables))• Temperature, volume, chemical contentTemperature, volume, chemical content

– Set pointSet point = ideal normal value = ideal normal value– Normal rangeNormal range = range of values in which = range of values in which

an organism can operate normallyan organism can operate normally

• The existence and maintenance of a The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within relatively constant environment within the bodythe body

– Narrow range of conditions (Narrow range of conditions (variablesvariables))• Temperature, volume, chemical contentTemperature, volume, chemical content

– Set pointSet point = ideal normal value = ideal normal value– Normal rangeNormal range = range of values in which = range of values in which

an organism can operate normallyan organism can operate normally

35

Examples: Cold = shiver

Hot = sweat

Examples: Cold = shiver

Hot = sweat

36

D. Negative FeedbackD. Negative Feedback• Maintains homeostasis by resisting Maintains homeostasis by resisting

deviation from the set pointdeviation from the set point1.1. Three components:Three components:

a.a. ReceptorReceptor – monitors the value of a – monitors the value of a variablevariable

b.b. Control centerControl center – establishes the set point – establishes the set point around which the variable is maintainedaround which the variable is maintained

c.c. EffectorEffector – can change the variable – can change the variable

• Maintains homeostasis by resisting Maintains homeostasis by resisting deviation from the set pointdeviation from the set point

1.1. Three components:Three components:a.a. ReceptorReceptor – monitors the value of a – monitors the value of a

variablevariableb.b. Control centerControl center – establishes the set point – establishes the set point

around which the variable is maintainedaround which the variable is maintainedc.c. EffectorEffector – can change the variable – can change the variable

37

Negative Feedback, continued…Negative Feedback, continued…

Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 8th ed., Shier, et al, 2003, McGraw-Hill Higher Education2.2. Example:Example:

• Stimulus/ResponseStimulus/Response: exercise increases HR : exercise increases HR and blood pressure increasesand blood pressure increases

• ReceptorReceptor: blood vessels near heart: blood vessels near heart• Control centerControl center: brain receives message and : brain receives message and

sends message to decrease HRsends message to decrease HR• EffectorEffector: heart decreases HR: heart decreases HR• ResponseResponse: blood pressure decreases: blood pressure decreases

2.2. Example:Example:• Stimulus/ResponseStimulus/Response: exercise increases HR : exercise increases HR

and blood pressure increasesand blood pressure increases• ReceptorReceptor: blood vessels near heart: blood vessels near heart• Control centerControl center: brain receives message and : brain receives message and

sends message to decrease HRsends message to decrease HR• EffectorEffector: heart decreases HR: heart decreases HR• ResponseResponse: blood pressure decreases: blood pressure decreases

38

Negative Feedback, continued…Negative Feedback, continued…

39

E. Positive FeedbackE. Positive Feedback

• Mechanism by which any deviation Mechanism by which any deviation from an ideal normal value or set point from an ideal normal value or set point is made greateris made greater

– Does Does notnot maintain homeostasis maintain homeostasis

• Mechanism by which any deviation Mechanism by which any deviation from an ideal normal value or set point from an ideal normal value or set point is made greateris made greater

– Does Does notnot maintain homeostasis maintain homeostasis

40

Positive Feedback, continued…Positive Feedback, continued…

Exa

mpl

eE

xam

ple

41

VI. Terminology and the Body PlanVI. Terminology and the Body Plan

• Etymology = the origin of a word– Example: Dorsal (dorsum, back)

• Etymology = the origin of a word– Example: Dorsal (dorsum, back)

42

A. Directional TermsA. Directional Terms

1.1. Anatomic Position – Anatomic Position – standing erect with standing erect with the arms at the sides the arms at the sides and palms turned and palms turned forwardforward

1.1. Anatomic Position – Anatomic Position – standing erect with standing erect with the arms at the sides the arms at the sides and palms turned and palms turned forwardforward

43

Directional Terms, continued…Directional Terms, continued…

44


45


46

B. Body Parts and RegionsB. Body Parts and Regions

Anterior ViewAnterior View

47

Body Parts and Regions, continued…Body Parts and Regions, continued…

Posterior ViewPosterior View

48

Body Parts and Regions, continued…Body Parts and Regions, continued…

49

C. PlanesC. Planes• Imaginary flat Imaginary flat

surfaces surfaces used to “look used to “look inside” and inside” and observe the observe the body’s body’s structuresstructures

• Imaginary flat Imaginary flat surfaces surfaces used to “look used to “look inside” and inside” and observe the observe the body’s body’s structuresstructures

50

Planes, continued…Planes, continued…

51

D. Body Cavities

D. Body Cavities

1.1. Thoracic cavityThoracic cavitya.a. Boundaries: rib cage and diaphragmBoundaries: rib cage and diaphragmb.b. Contains: mediastinum, pericardial cavity Contains: mediastinum, pericardial cavity

(heart), left and right pleural cavities (heart), left and right pleural cavities (lungs)(lungs)

c.c. MediastinumMediastinum contains esophagus, contains esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, thymus, hearttrachea, blood vessels, thymus, heart

1.1. Thoracic cavityThoracic cavitya.a. Boundaries: rib cage and diaphragmBoundaries: rib cage and diaphragmb.b. Contains: mediastinum, pericardial cavity Contains: mediastinum, pericardial cavity

(heart), left and right pleural cavities (heart), left and right pleural cavities (lungs)(lungs)

c.c. MediastinumMediastinum contains esophagus, contains esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, thymus, hearttrachea, blood vessels, thymus, heart

52

2.2. Abdominal CavityAbdominal Cavitya.a. Boundaries: abdominal musclesBoundaries: abdominal musclesb.b. Contains: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneysContains: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys

3.3. Pelvic CavityPelvic Cavitya.a. Bones of pelvisBones of pelvisb.b. Contains: urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive Contains: urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive

organsorgans

4.4. Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity: abdominal and pelvic cavitiesabdominal and pelvic cavities

2.2. Abdominal CavityAbdominal Cavitya.a. Boundaries: abdominal musclesBoundaries: abdominal musclesb.b. Contains: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneysContains: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys

3.3. Pelvic CavityPelvic Cavitya.a. Bones of pelvisBones of pelvisb.b. Contains: urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive Contains: urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive

organsorgans

4.4. Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity: abdominal and pelvic cavitiesabdominal and pelvic cavities

D. Body Cavities

D. Body Cavities

53

E. Serous MembranesE. Serous Membranes

1.1. Visceral serous membranesVisceral serous membranes cover cover organs (the “viscera”)organs (the “viscera”)

2.2. Parietal serous membranesParietal serous membranes form the form the outer wall of a fluid-filled cavityouter wall of a fluid-filled cavity

3.3. A A cavitycavity is the fluid-filled space between is the fluid-filled space between the serous membranesthe serous membranes

1.1. Visceral serous membranesVisceral serous membranes cover cover organs (the “viscera”)organs (the “viscera”)

2.2. Parietal serous membranesParietal serous membranes form the form the outer wall of a fluid-filled cavityouter wall of a fluid-filled cavity

3.3. A A cavitycavity is the fluid-filled space between is the fluid-filled space between the serous membranesthe serous membranes

54

4. Thoracic Cavity and Membranes4. Thoracic Cavity and Membranes

a.a. Pericardial CavityPericardial Cavity surrounds the heartsurrounds the heart

i.i. Visceral pericardium Visceral pericardium covers heartcovers heart

ii.ii. Parietal pericardium lines Parietal pericardium lines pericardial cavitypericardial cavity

b.b. Pleural CavityPleural Cavity surrounds each lungsurrounds each lung

i.i. Visceral pleura cover Visceral pleura cover lungslungs

ii.ii. Parietal pleura line pleural Parietal pleura line pleural cavitycavity

a.a. Pericardial CavityPericardial Cavity surrounds the heartsurrounds the heart

i.i. Visceral pericardium Visceral pericardium covers heartcovers heart

ii.ii. Parietal pericardium lines Parietal pericardium lines pericardial cavitypericardial cavity

b.b. Pleural CavityPleural Cavity surrounds each lungsurrounds each lung

i.i. Visceral pleura cover Visceral pleura cover lungslungs

ii.ii. Parietal pleura line pleural Parietal pleura line pleural cavitycavity

55

5. Abdominopelvic Cavity and Membranes

5. Abdominopelvic Cavity and Membranes

a.a. Peritoneal CavityPeritoneal Cavity surrounds the many organs in surrounds the many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the the inferior surface of the diaphragmdiaphragm

i.i. Visceral peritoneum covers Visceral peritoneum covers organsorgans

ii.ii. Parietal peritoneum lines Parietal peritoneum lines peritoneal cavityperitoneal cavity

• Pleural CavityPleural Cavity surrounds surrounds each lungeach lung

i.i. Visceral pleura cover lungsVisceral pleura cover lungsii.ii. Parietal pleura line pleural Parietal pleura line pleural

cavitycavity

a.a. Peritoneal CavityPeritoneal Cavity surrounds the many organs in surrounds the many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the the inferior surface of the diaphragmdiaphragm

i.i. Visceral peritoneum covers Visceral peritoneum covers organsorgans

ii.ii. Parietal peritoneum lines Parietal peritoneum lines peritoneal cavityperitoneal cavity

• Pleural CavityPleural Cavity surrounds surrounds each lungeach lung

i.i. Visceral pleura cover lungsVisceral pleura cover lungsii.ii. Parietal pleura line pleural Parietal pleura line pleural

cavitycavity

56

Abdominopelvic Cavity and Membranes, continued…Abdominopelvic Cavity and Membranes, continued…

ii.ii. MesenteriesMesenteries – 2 layers – 2 layers of fused peritoneum that of fused peritoneum that hold abdominal organs in hold abdominal organs in place; provide passage place; provide passage for blood vessels and for blood vessels and nervesnerves

iii.iii. Retroperitoneal organsRetroperitoneal organs – organs “behind” – organs “behind” parietal peritoneumparietal peritoneum

• Kidneys, adrenal glands, Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of pancreas, parts of intestines, and bladderintestines, and bladder

ii.ii. MesenteriesMesenteries – 2 layers – 2 layers of fused peritoneum that of fused peritoneum that hold abdominal organs in hold abdominal organs in place; provide passage place; provide passage for blood vessels and for blood vessels and nervesnerves

iii.iii. Retroperitoneal organsRetroperitoneal organs – organs “behind” – organs “behind” parietal peritoneumparietal peritoneum

• Kidneys, adrenal glands, Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of pancreas, parts of intestines, and bladderintestines, and bladder

introduction to comparative anatomy and physiology unit 1

Documents