Introduction to Chemistry

Ch.1 & 2

Vocab List:0 Analytical chemistry0 Applied chemistry0 Biochemistry0 Chemistry0 Experiment0 Hypothesis0 Inorganic chemistry0 Macroscopic0 Matter0 Microscopic0 Observation0 Organic chemistry0 Physical chemistry0 Pure chemistry0 Scientific law0 Scientific method0 Theory

0 Chemical change0 Chemical symbol0 Compound0 Element0 Extensive property0 Gas0 Heterogeneous mixture0 Homogeneous mixture0 Intensive property0 Liquid0 Mass0 Mixture0 Physical change0 Solid0 Solution0 Substance0 Volume

Chemistry0The study of the composition of matter….

Matter0Anything that has mass and occupies space

5 traditional areas of study:0Organic

0 Study of things containing carbon0 Inorganic

0 Things that do not contain carbon0Biochemistry

0 Study of processes that take place in organisms0Analytical

0 Study of the composition of matter0Physical

0 Area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change

Pure and Applied Chemistry

Pure Applied

0The pursuit of chemical knowledge just because

0May not be immediate practical use…it can lead to application

0Research that is directed toward a practical goal or application

0 In practice, pure and applied chemistry are often linked

Views

0Macroscopic0 The world of objects

that are large enough to see with the unaided eye.

0Microscopic0 The world of objects

that can be seen only under magnification

Alchemy

0The word chemistry comes from alchemy0Practiced in China and India as early as 400 B.C.0Had a practical and mystical side…practical focused

on developing techniques for working with metals, glass, and dyes…mystical focused on concepts like perfection (turning things to gold because it was considered perfect)

0Although alchemists did not succeed in the gold quest, the work they did spurred the development of chemistry!

Antoine Lavoisier

0France, late 1700s…Lavoisier did work that would revolutionize the science of chemistry

0He helped transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today.

His lab in Paris

Scientific Method0Observation

0 Usually leads to a question to be answered0 Observations can be from any of the senses (taste, touch,

smell….)0Testing Hypothesis

0 Hypothesis: Proposed explanation for an observation0 Experiment: A procedure to test the hypothesis0 Variables: Independent, Dependent, Control

0Developing Theories0 Theory: A well-tested explanation for a broad set of

observations0 Scientific Law: A concise statement that summarizes the

results of many observations and experiments

Properties that Describe Matter

0Mass:0 The measure of the amount of matter the object contains

0Volume:0 The measure of the space an object occupies

0Extensive:0 Depends on the amount of matter0 Examples: Volume, Mass

0 Intensive:0 Depends on the type of matter, not the amount0 Examples: Density, Color

Physical & Chemical Change

Physical Chemical

0The composition of the material does not change

0Examples:0 Crumpling paper0 Breaking glass0 Melting ice

0 Change that produces matter with a different composition from that of which you started

0 Example:0 Burning a

Marshmallow0 Mixing chemicals0 Rusting nail

States of Matter

0Solid0 Definite shape, volume, not easily compressed

0Liquid0 Indefinite shape, definite volume, not easily compressed

0Gas0 Indefinite shape, indefinite volume, easily compressed

Mixtures

Homogenous Heterogeneous

0Mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout

0Examples:0 Vinegar0 Stainless steel0 Air

0Mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout

0Examples:0 Italian dressing0 Chicken noodle

soup0 Sand in water

A few other thoughts…0Element

0 The simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties, like Oxygen

0Compound0 A substance that contains two or more elements

chemically combined, like Water (H20)0Chemical symbol

0 Each element has a 1 or 2 letter symbol…the first letter is always capitalized, second is lowercase

0Chemical formula0 Represents compounds and is composed of the symbols of

the elements present, also tells how many of each element