introduction to biotechnology. biotechnology helps to meet our basic needs. food, clothing, shelter,...
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Introduction to Biotechnology
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BiotechnologyBiotechnology helps to
meet our basic needs.Food, clothing, shelter,
health and safety
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BiotechnologyImprovements by using
scienceScience helps in
production plants, animals and other organisms
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BiotechnologyAlso used in maintaining a good environment that promotes our well being
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BiotechnologyUsing scientific processes
to get new organisms or new products from organisms.
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BiotechnologyLarge areaIncludes many
approaches and methods in science and technology
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Office of Tech
Assessment Definition Any technique that uses
living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals….
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Cont.Or to develop
microorganisms for specific uses.
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Agricultural ViewAll of the applied science
based operations in producing food, fiber, shelter, and related products
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Agricultural ViewMilk productionNew horticultural and
ornamental plantsWildlife, aquaculture, natural
resources and environmental management
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MultidisciplinaryInvolves many disciplines
or branches of learningIncludes all areas of Life
Sciences
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Organismic BiotechWorking with complete,
intact organisms or their cellsOrganisms are not
genetically changed with artificial means
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Organismic BiotechHelp the organism live better
or be more productiveGoal – improve organisms
and the conditions in which they grow
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Organismic BiotechStudy and use natural
genetic variationsCloning is an example of
organismic biotech
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CloningProcess of producing a new
organism from cells or tissues of existing organism.
1997 cloned sheep – “Dolly” in Edinburgh Scotland
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Molecular BiotechChanging the genetic
make-up of an organismAltering the structure and
parts of cellsComplex!
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Molecular BiotechUses genetic engineering,
molecular mapping and similar processes
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Genetic EngineeringChanging the genetic
information in a cellSpecific trait of one organism
may be isolated,cut, and moved into the cell of another organism
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TransgenicResults of Gen. Eng. Are
said to be “transgenic”Genetic material in an
organism has been altered
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Biotech examples Medicine Agriculture Environment Forestry Food and beverage
processing
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Medicine Some new developments
delve into the hereditary material of humans known as gene therapy
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Medicine Therapeutant - product used to
maintain health or prevent disease
Biopharmaceuticals – drug or vaccine developed through biotechnology
Called designer drugs
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Medicine Biopharming – production of
pharmaceuticals in cultured organisms
Combination of the agriculture and pharmaceutical industries
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Medicine Certain blood – derived
products needed in human medicine can be produced in the milk of goats
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Environment Any biotechnological process
that may promote a good environment
Organisms developed during the gulf war to “eat” oil
Organism used in gold mining to “eat” contaminants
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Environmental Problems naturally solved
by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi break down contaminant into a form less harmful or not harmful
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Ag and Forestry Plant biotech Animal biotech
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Plant biotech Improve plants and the
products produced from them Insect and disease resistance Engineered to have desired
characteristics
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Plant biotech Corn plant produced with
high levels of the amino acid Lysine
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Animal Biotech Improve animals or the
products they produce Animals may be used to
produce products that promote human health
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Animal Biotech Increase productivity Pigs engineered to
produce human hemoglobin
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Food and Beverages Use of technology in
producing and processing Some biotech principles
have been employed for hundreds of years
Yeast in baking bread
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Food and Bev. Genetically altered crops rBGH milk
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Biotechnology Helps meet human needs Food, clothing and shelter Plants and animals are used
in manufacturing food, clothing and materials for shelter
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Biotechnology Used to make products
more useful or desirable Ex: conversion of milk into
cheese or yogurt
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Efficiency Must keep the cost of
improving products as low as possible
Biotech results in greater efficiency
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Efficiency Inoculating legume seeds
with bacteria that allow the plant to pull nitrogen out of the air and put it into the soil
Saves the producer the cost of applying N fertilizer
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Efficiency Results in trees that grow
faster and produce wood that is more desirable
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Greater Production Increases yields bST use in cows to produce
more milk Higher crop yields from
drought, disease & insect resistant crops
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Health Promoting Foods Food with unique traits Some contain
therapeutants Some designed with
nutrient enrichment
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Safety Consumers want foods to
provide needed nutrients and in some cases, enhanced foods
Do not want side effects from those enhanced foods
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Easy preparation Flavr-Savr Tomato Reached the market in
early 1990’s Engineered to have a
longer shelf life
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Flavr-Savr No soft spots No rotten spots Tomato resists spoilage
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Synthetic biology Creating lifelike
characteristics through the use of chemicals
Based on creating structures similar to those found in living organisms
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Synthetic Biology Need for synthetic cells lead
to the development of the vesicle
Vesicle – tiny rounded structure with cell like traits
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Vesicle Tiny structures similar to
soap bubbles were created to serve as the cell membrane
Visible only with powerful microscope
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Vesicle Once the cell membrane
has been successfully developed, development of the materials with the cell is initiated.
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Synthetic biology Is important because it
brings science closer to creating life in the lab
Cells and tissues may be developed to treat human injury and disease
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